The part with a high water content that occupies most of the central space of a plant cell. It is surrounded by a membrane (vacuol membrane) about 7 nanometers thick, and the liquid inside is called cell sap. Cell sap contains dissolved various low molecular weight substances such as inorganic salts, organic acids, sugars, amino acids, alkaloids, phenols, and various pigments, but also contains polymeric substances such as proteins and polysaccharides. When a dye called neutral red is given to a living cell, it is actively taken up and accumulates in the vacuole, staining only the vacuole a deep red color. If the cell is dead, the rest of the cell will be stained. For this reason, this method is used to identify vacuoles within cells and to determine whether a cell is alive or dead. Furthermore, since neutral red is a hydrogen ion concentration indicator, the hydrogen ion concentration within the vacuole can be inferred from the color of the stained vacuole. This shows that the inside of the vacuole is normally slightly acidic. The tonoplast, together with the cell membrane, is semi-permeable, and the osmotic pressure of the cell sap is higher than that of the external fluid that plant cells are usually in contact with, so the cell has the ability to absorb water in proportion to this difference in osmotic pressure, resulting in the development of turgor pressure. This ability to absorb water and turgor pressure are of great importance to the physiology of plant cells and for maintaining their external shape. The proteins in the vacuole contain various hydrolytic enzymes, and the vacuole plays a role in intracellular digestion. In this sense, it is an intracellular structure that is homologous to the lysosomes of animal cells. [Sato Shichiro] ©Masazumi Fujita "> Three-dimensional diagram of a plant cell Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
植物細胞の中央の空間の大部分を占めている含水量の高い部分。厚さ7ナノメートルほどの膜(液胞膜)で囲まれていて、内部の液体は細胞液とよばれる。細胞液には無機塩、有機酸、糖、アミノ酸、アルカロイド、フェノール、各種の色素などさまざまな低分子物質が溶けているが、そのほかにタンパク質や多糖質のような高分子の物質も含まれている。 生きている細胞に中性赤という色素を与えると、積極的に取り込まれて液胞にたまり、液胞だけが濃い赤色に染まる。細胞が死んでいると液胞以外の部分が染まる。このため、この方法は細胞内の液胞の同定に、また細胞の生死の判定に利用される。さらに、中性赤は水素イオン濃度指示薬なので、液胞が着色したときの色調から液胞内の水素イオン濃度が推察される。それによると液胞内は普通は弱酸性を呈していることがわかる。 液胞膜は細胞膜とともに半透性をもっているうえ、細胞液の浸透圧は植物細胞が通常接している外液よりも高いので、細胞はこの浸透圧差に相応した吸水力をもち、膨圧を現す結果となる。この吸水力と膨圧は植物細胞の生理にとって、またその外形の維持にとってきわめて重要な意義をもつ。 液胞中のタンパク質には各種の加水分解酵素があり、液胞は細胞内消化の役割を果たしている。この意味で動物細胞のリソゾームと相同の細胞内構造体である。 [佐藤七郎] ©藤田正純"> 植物細胞の立体模式図 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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