A Marxist party in Russia. Marxism was first accepted by Russians as social democracy in 1883 by Plekhanov and others who broke with Narodnikism and founded the Labour Liberation League in Geneva, where they lived in exile. They argued that Russia, like Western European countries, would pass through capitalism, and therefore the revolution it faced would be a bourgeois revolution. Later, a group of Marxists born in Russia moved to form an all-Russian organization, and in 1898 held the founding congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in Minsk. This congress issued a famous declaration, written by Struve, that "the further east in Europe the weaker the bourgeoisie is, and the cultural and political tasks will fall on the proletariat," but the party's activities were halted by mass arrests of the activists who participated. The initiative to reorganize the party was taken by a group that Lenin, Martov and others had organized in 1900 to publish the newspaper Iskra. As a result, the second party congress, which was in effect the party's founding convention, was held in Brussels and London in the summer of 1903. However, at this congress, over Article 1 of the party constitution, the Iskra group split into the Lenin faction, which aimed to create a party of professional revolutionaries, and the Martov faction, which wanted to include a wider range of activists in the party, with the former being known as the Bolsheviks (majority) and the latter as the Mensheviks (minority). The conflict between the two factions continued, and in 1918 the Bolsheviks changed their party name to the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), while some of the Mensheviks continued their activities abroad. [Kazuo Fujimoto] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシアのマルクス主義政党。ロシア人にマルクス主義が社会民主主義として受け入れられたのは、1883年にプレハーノフらがナロードニキ主義と決別して亡命地ジュネーブで創立した「労働解放団」においてである。彼らは、ロシアが西ヨーロッパ諸国同様、資本主義を通過すること、したがって当面する革命はブルジョア革命であると主張した。その後ロシア国内で生まれたマルクス主義者のグループが、全ロシア的組織の結成に向かい、1898年にミンスクでロシア社会民主労働党の結党大会を開いた。この大会は、ストルーベの筆になる「ヨーロッパの東へ行くほどブルジョアジーは弱体になり、文化的・政治的任務がプロレタリアートに降りかかる」という有名な宣言を発したが、参加した活動家の一斉逮捕によって活動は中断した。 党の再組織のためのイニシアティブをとったのは、レーニン、マルトフらが新聞『イスクラ』の刊行のために1900年に組織したグループである。その結果、03年夏、事実上の結党大会となった第2回党大会がブリュッセルとロンドンで開かれた。しかしこの大会で、党規約第1条をめぐり、イスクラ・グループが、職業的革命家の党を目ざすレーニン派と、より広い活動家も党員に含めようとするマルトフ派とに分裂、前者がボリシェビキ(多数派)、後者がメンシェビキ(少数派)とよばれるようになった。両派の対立はその後も続き、ボリシェビキは、18年、党名をロシア共産党(ボリシェビキ)と変更、メンシェビキの一部は国外での活動を続けた。 [藤本和貴夫] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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