Starks, CM (English spelling) StarksCM

…A catalyst that acts as an intermediary between two phases with different polarities to transfer a reactant to the other phase and promote a reaction is called a phase transfer catalyst (abbreviated as PTC), and this type of reaction is called a phase transfer catalytic reaction. Phase transfer catalysis was proposed by CM Starks in 1965, and since then it has been widely used in many organic syntheses, especially in nucleophilic substitution reactions in which negatively charged ions attack organic substances, the generation of dichlorocarbene, and various alkylation and oxidation reactions involving the abstraction of active hydrogen by ^OH- . Conventionally, aprotic polar solvents such as N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) and hexamethylphosphorylamide (HMPA) were used for reactions between substances with different polarities, but all of them were expensive, affected by moisture, complicated operations, difficult to recover after the reaction, and had the disadvantage of causing wastewater pollution when used in large quantities industrially. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Starks, CM" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…このように極性の異なる2相の両方に介在して反応試薬を異相へ移動させ，反応を促進させる役割を果たすものを相間移動触媒(略称PTC)と呼び，この種の形式の反応を相間移動触媒反応という。相間移動触媒作用は1965年スタークスC.M.Starksにより提唱され，以後多くの有機合成，とくに有機物に対し負電荷をもつイオン種の攻撃する求核置換反応やジクロロカルベンの生成，OH^－による活性水素の引抜きを伴う各種のアルキル化，酸化等の反応に広く利用されている。極性の異なる物質どうしの反応には従来は非プロトン性極性溶媒としてN,N‐ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)やヘキサメチルホスホリルアミド(HMPA)などを用いたが，いずれも高価であり，水分の影響，操作のわずらわしさ，反応後の回収が困難で，工業的に大量に利用した場合の排水汚染の原因となることなどが欠点とされていた。…

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