The Federal Reserve System is a unique central banking system in the United States. It was established by the Federal Reserve Act of December 23, 1913 and is composed of the Federal Reserve Banks, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Advisory Council, and member banks. [1] Federal Reserve Bank (abbreviated as FRB). There is one Federal Reserve Bank in each of the 12 Federal Reserve Districts, which divide the country into 12 districts. The Federal Reserve Banks are located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco. There are also 25 branches across the country. The main activities of the Federal Reserve Bank are to hold legal reserves for member banks, discount and lend bills, conduct open market operations, issue Federal Reserve notes, exchange and collect bills, inspect the operations of member banks, and act as a treasury agent. In the same way as the central banks of other countries, the Federal Reserve Bank acts as a bank for banks. [2] Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or Federal Reserve Board (abbreviated as BGFRS or FRB). Located in Washington, DC, it is the governing body of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. It was originally called the Federal Reserve Board, but was renamed the Federal Reserve Board by the Banking Act of 1935. The current Board is made up of seven members appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate, and serves a term of 14 years. In selecting the members, the President takes care to ensure that financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests and geographical divisions are fairly represented, and appoints the chairman and vice-chairman from among the members. The term of office is four years. The main duties of the Board are to regulate credit conditions and supervise the Federal Reserve Banks. In regulating credit conditions, the Board has the following powers: (1) To change within certain limits the statutory reserve ratios on the deposits of member banks. (2) To review and determine the discount rates that the Federal Reserve Banks set on loans and discounts to member banks. (3) Implementing securities market credit control by changing stock margin rates. In addition to the above, until March 1980, the Bank also had the authority to determine maximum interest rates on fixed term and savings deposits of its member banks. [3] Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). Established by the Banking Act of 1935, the committee is made up of seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and five presidents selected from the 12 Federal Reserve Banks (the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent member). Securities purchases and sales based on the decisions of the FOMC are carried out through the facilities of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in the name of the Reserve Open Market Account. Each Federal Reserve Bank participates in this account in proportion to the assets of each bank relative to the total assets of all Federal Reserve Banks. All transactions conducted in the name of the FOMC are supervised by the Manager of the Reserve Open Market Account, a senior official of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors also serves as the Chairman of the FOMC, and the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York serves as the Vice Chairman. [4] Federal Advisory Council (FAC). The FAC is made up of 12 members, one from each Federal Reserve District, selected annually by the board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank. The FAC meets at least four times a year in Washington to consult with the Federal Reserve Board on the state of the economy and to provide advice and recommendations regarding the operation of the Federal Reserve System. [5] Member banks: Commercial banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System. National banks are required to become member banks, while state banks can become member banks voluntarily if they meet certain requirements. Member banks are granted discount and borrowing privileges by the Federal Reserve Banks, and are provided with various benefits such as information provision. On the other hand, they are subject to the statutory reserve ratio set by the Federal Reserve Board, and are obligated to make various investments in the Federal Reserve Banks. In addition, a law enacted in March 1980 made the statutory reserve ratio and discount and borrowing privileges applicable to financial institutions other than member banks. [6] Federal Reserve policy This refers to the monetary policy implemented by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Open Market Committee. Federal Reserve policy has a large impact on international financial markets, so it is closely watched by countries around the world. Since 1979, under the chairmanship of each of the chairmen, Volcker (1979-1987), Greenspan (1987-2006), Bernanke (2006-2014), and Yellen (2014-2018), Federal Reserve policy has been actively managed, helping to overcome inflation and deflation at each stage. Powell took over as chairman in February 2018. [Masayoshi Ito, August 21, 2018] "The US Federal Reserve System" by B.H. Beckhardt, supervised translation by Yao Jiro (1978, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "The Dollar and the Federal Reserve System" by Takayama Yoichi (1982, Shinhyoron)" ▽ "The US Central Bank the FED: The Unveiled Sacred Cave" by Maxwell Newton, translated by Sato Eiji (1985, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "The US Federal Reserve System: Its Purpose and Function" by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, translated by the Bank of Japan's US Market Research Group (1985, Japan Credit Research Publishing Department)" ▽ "The FRB: Behind the Scenes of US Monetary Policy" by William Melton, translated by Shinohara Oki (1986, Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha)" ▽ "The Story of the American Federal Reserve System" by A. Broadus, translated by Haruta Motoo (1989, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "The Politics of the Federal Reserve: The True Faces of the Guardians of Currency" by David M. Jones, supervised by Takahisa Hashimoto (1991, Nihon Keizai Shimbun)" ▽ "The Establishment of America's Mega-Corporate System and Banks: The Establishment and Development of the Federal Reserve System" by Isao Sudo (1997, Nagoya University Press)" ▽ "American Monetary Policy and Financial Markets" by Annemarie Muehlendijk, translated by Kazuo Tatewaki and Toshio Kotani (2000, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" ▽ "The Money-Creating Monster: The Grand Fraud System that is the Federal Reserve System" by G. Edward Griffin, translated by Toshiko Yoshida (2005, Soshisha)" ▽ "The Federal Reserve: Guardians of the Dollar" by Shigeo Nakao (PHP Shinsho) [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカ独特の中央銀行制度で、1913年12月23日の連邦準備法Federal Reserve Actに基づいて設立され、連邦準備銀行、連邦準備制度理事会、連邦公開市場委員会、連邦諮問委員会および加盟銀行によって構成される。 〔1〕連邦準備銀行Federal Reserve Bank 略称FRB。全国を12に区分した連邦準備区の各中心地に1行ずつ設けられており、その所在地は、ボストン、ニューヨーク、フィラデルフィア、クリーブランド、リッチモンド、アトランタ、シカゴ、セントルイス、ミネアポリス、カンザス・シティ、ダラス、サンフランシスコである。また全国に25の支店がある。連邦準備銀行の主要な業務は、加盟銀行の法定準備金の保有、手形割引および貸付、公開市場操作、連邦準備券Federal Reserve notesの発行、手形の交換および取立て、加盟銀行の業務の検査、国庫代理店としての機能などで、各国の中央銀行と同じように、銀行の銀行として活動している。 〔2〕連邦準備制度理事会Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System、Federal Reserve Board 略称BGFRS、FRB。12の連邦準備銀行の管理統括機関で、ワシントンに所在する。初めは連邦準備局Federal Reserve Boardとよばれていたが、1935年銀行法によって連邦準備制度理事会と改称された。現在の理事会は、大統領が上院の同意を得て任命する7名の理事によって構成され、理事の任期は14年である。各理事の選出にあたっては、大統領は金融、農業、工業、商業の利益と地理的区分を正しく代表するように留意し、理事のうちから理事会の議長と副議長を任命する。任期は4年である。理事会の主要な任務は信用状態の規制と連邦準備銀行の監督である。信用状態の規制については、理事会は次の権限をもっている。(1)加盟銀行の預金に対する法定支払準備率を一定範囲内で変更する。(2)連邦準備銀行が加盟銀行に対する貸付と割引に対して設定する割引率を審査し決定する。(3)株式証拠金率を変更することによって証券市場信用統制を実施する。なお、以上のほかに、1980年3月までは、加盟銀行の定期・貯蓄預金の金利最高限度を決定する権限をもっていた。 〔3〕連邦公開市場委員会Federal Open Market Committee 略称FOMC。1935年の銀行法により設定され、連邦準備制度理事会の7名の理事と、12の連邦準備銀行から選出される5名の総裁(ただしニューヨーク連邦準備銀行総裁は常任)によって構成される。連邦公開市場委員会の決定に基づく証券の売買は、準備制度公開市場勘定の名において、ニューヨーク連邦準備銀行の諸施設を通して実行される。各連邦準備銀行は、全連邦準備銀行の資産総額に対する各行の資産額の比率に応じてこの勘定に参加する。連邦公開市場委員会の名義で行われるすべての取引は、ニューヨーク連邦準備銀行の幹部職員である準備制度公開市場勘定支配人の監督を受ける。なお、連邦公開市場委員会の委員長は連邦準備制度理事会議長が兼任し、副委員長はニューヨーク連邦準備銀行総裁が就任する。 〔4〕連邦諮問委員会Federal Advisory Council 略称FAC。各連邦準備銀行の取締役会が毎年それぞれの連邦準備区内から1名ずつ選出した12名の委員によって構成される。連邦諮問委員会はワシントンで少なくとも年に4回会議を開き、経済情勢について連邦準備制度理事会と協議し、連邦準備制度の運営に関して助言的勧告を行う。 〔5〕加盟銀行member banks 連邦準備制度に加盟している商業銀行をいい、国法銀行national banksは加盟銀行になることを義務づけられているが、州法銀行state banksは一定の要件を満たせば、任意的に加盟銀行となることができる。加盟銀行は連邦準備銀行から割引・借入特権を与えられるほか、情報の提供など各種の便益の提供を受ける。他方、連邦準備制度理事会の設定する法定支払準備率の適用を受けるほか、連邦準備銀行への出資など各種の義務を負う。なお、1980年3月の法律によって、法定支払準備率と割引・借入特権は、加盟銀行以外の金融機関にも適用されることになった。 〔6〕連邦準備政策Federal Reserve policy 連邦準備制度理事会と連邦公開市場委員会が行う金融政策をいう。連邦準備政策は国際金融市場に与える影響が大きいから、世界各国から注目されている。1979年以降、ボルカー(1979~1987)、グリーンスパン(1987~2006)、バーナンキ(2006~2014)、イエレン(2014~2018)の各議長のもとで、連邦準備政策は積極的に運営され、その時々のインフレとデフレの克服に役だっている。なお、2018年2月にパウエルが議長に就任した。 [伊東政吉 2018年8月21日] 『B・H・ベックハート著、矢尾次郎監訳『米国連邦準備制度』(1978・東洋経済新報社)』▽『高山洋一著『ドルと連邦準備制度』(1982・新評論)』▽『マクスウェル・ニュートン著、佐藤栄二訳『米国中央銀行 the FED――暴かれた聖域』(1985・東洋経済新報社)』▽『米国連邦準備制度理事会著、日本銀行米国市場研究会訳『米国連邦準備制度――その目的と機能』(1985・日本信用調査出版部)』▽『ウィリアム・メルトン著、篠原興訳『FRB――米国金融政策の舞台裏』(1986・日本経済新聞社)』▽『A・ブローダス著、春田素夫訳『アメリカ連邦準備制度の話』(1989・東洋経済新報社)』▽『デビッド・M・ジョーンズ著、橋本孝久監訳『FRBの政治学――通貨の番人たちの素顔』(1991・日本経済新聞社)』▽『須藤功著『アメリカ巨大企業体制の成立と銀行――連邦準備制度の成立と展開』(1997・名古屋大学出版会)』▽『アンマリー・ミューレンダイク著、立脇和夫・小谷野俊夫訳『アメリカの金融政策と金融市場』(2000・東洋経済新報社)』▽『G・エドワード・グリフィン著、吉田利子訳『マネーを生みだす怪物――連邦準備制度という壮大な詐欺システム』(2005・草思社)』▽『中尾茂夫著『FRB――ドルの守護神』(PHP新書)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Federalism - Federal government
...Sufficient illumination was easily obtained by...
Born: 1480/1491. Vicenza Died around 1534. Italian...
…With the emergence of Charles Darwin in the 19th...
A North American Indian tribe that speaks a langua...
[Birth] Around 920 [died] about 972 Italian histor...
Year of death: October 23, 1888 Year of birth: Ten...
A perennial plant of the Polygonaceae family, nati...
Liberal political and social reforms in Mexico car...
French astronomer and physicist. In 1805, he worke...
It is the largest first-class river in the prefec...
Prayer, in a broad sense, means all religious requ...
It is a general term for ships that carry liquid ...
...A general term for insects belonging to the fa...
…His work The Idea (1593) was inspired by Spenser...
A primitive rabbit with very short hind legs and e...