Liberal political and social reforms in Mexico carried out from 1854 to 1876 mainly under the leadership of B. Juarez. These reforms were initiated by the Ayutla Programme of J. Alvarez and I. Comfort as a rebellion against the dictatorship of A. Santa Anna. In 1855, Santa Anna went into exile, and the Juarez Law abolished the privileges of the church and the military. The following year, the Lerdo Law greatly restricted the church's feudal land ownership, which led to rebellions by the church and conservative indigenous people (Indians) in various places. In 1857, a liberal constitution was enacted that incorporated the reforms, but the country continued to be in a state of civil war until Juarez became president in 1861. During this civil war, Juarez implemented a series of anti-church reform laws, including the Law on Confiscation of Church Property, which led to the overthrow of the church's preeminent power for three centuries. In 1962, Napoleon III invaded Mexico, and Juarez continued to resist stubbornly for five years until Emperor Maximilian was shot, even though he retreated. In 1967, he returned to Mexico City in triumph. Juarez was legally elected president twice, in 1967 and 1971, and during his term, he promoted economic development, developed industry, and improved the education system. After Juarez's death, S. Lerdo de Tejada continued the government based on the reform laws, but after P. Diaz came to power in 1976, Mexico returned to an era of dictatorship and conservative politics. The basic guiding principle of Reforma was modern individualism, such as private contracts, private ownership, and respect for human rights, and the formalistic reforms often brought disadvantageous results to the Indians who were not educated and who depended on the traditional cultivation of communal land (ejido). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
1854~76年主として B.フアレスの指導のもとに行われたメキシコの自由主義的政治・社会改革。この改革は A.サンタ・アナの独裁に対する反乱として,J.アルバレスと I.コモンフォルトのアユトラ綱領によって火ぶたが切られた。 55年サンタ・アナは亡命し,フアレス法によって教会と軍人の特権が失われた。翌年レルド法によって教会の封建的土地所有が大きく制限され,これに反対する教会や保守派の先住民 (インディオ) の反乱が各地に起った。 57年諸改革を取入れた自由主義憲法が制定されたが,61年フアレスが大統領に就任するまで内乱状態が続いた。この内乱中,フアレスは教会財産没収法など一連の反教会的改革法を施行し,このため3世紀にわたって卓越した教会勢力は打倒された。 62年ナポレオン3世の侵略を受け,以後マクシミリアン皇帝が銃殺されるまでの5年間,フアレスは撤退しながらも頑強に抵抗を続け,67年再びメキシコシティーに凱旋した。フアレスは 67,71年の2回合法的に大統領に選出され,任期中は経済開発が進められ産業が発展するとともに,教育制度も整備された。フアレスの死後も S.レルド・デ・テハダが改革法にのっとった政治を続けたが,76年 P.ディアスが政権を握ってからメキシコは再び独裁と保守政治の時代に戻った。レフォルマの基本には,私的契約,私的所有と人権の尊重といった近代的個人主義が指導理念となっていて,その形式主義的改革が,教育を受けず,伝統的な共有地 (エヒード) 耕作にすがりついて生活をおくっていたインディオたちに不利な結果をもたらした場合が多かった。
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