Climate change is a science that traces climate change over a long period of time, going back through history. The modern significance of this science lies in the fact that it studies past climates in order to infer future climate changes on Earth, but it has also attracted the interest of those who are seeking a new field of history because of its emphasis on the relationship between humans and nature. Typical examples include studying warm and cold periods on Earth from the rise and fall of glaciers in the Alps and highlighting plant ecology through the analysis of pollen remaining in rock strata. Recent research into historical climatology has revealed that the Great Famine of the Edo Period occurred during the period known as the Edo Little Ice Age (which is divided into three periods), when the climate was very cold in winter and cold and rainy in summer. In addition, the period between 1788 and 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution, was a time when grain prices soared due to poor harvests. Although climate does not determine historical trends, the perspective of exploring how humans have responded to climate changes is essential to understanding history. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
気候の変遷を,歴史をさかのぼって長期的に跡付ける学問。これからの地球上の気候の変化を類推する手掛かりとするため,過去の気候を研究しようとするところに,この学問の現代的な意義があったが,人間と自然とのかかわりを重視する視点から,新しい歴史学を目指す人たちの興味を呼んでいる。アルプス山地などの氷河の消長から地球の温暖期と寒冷期を調べたり,地層に残る花粉の分析から植物の生態を浮き彫りにするなどは,その代表的なものである。近年の歴史気候学の研究によれば,江戸時代の大飢饉 (ききん) が起こった時期は江戸小氷期 (これは3つに分けられる) と呼ばれる時期に当たり,冬の寒さが厳しく,夏も寒涼,多雨の気候であったことが明らかにされている。また,フランス革命前夜の 1788~89年は,凶作によって穀物価格が高騰した時期でもあった。気候が歴史の動きを決定するわけではないが,気候の変化に人間がどのように対応してきたかを追求する視点は,歴史の解明に不可欠である。
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