Luxembourg (English spelling)

Japanese: ルクセンブルク(英語表記)Luxembourg
Luxembourg (English spelling)
Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg) (Luxembourgish), Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (French), Grossherzogtum Luxemburg (German).
Area: 2,586 km2 .
Population: 517,000 (2011 estimate).
The capital is Luxembourg.

Luxembourg is a country in northwestern Europe. It shares borders with Belgium, France, and Germany. It is located in a hilly area between the Belgian Ardennes and the French Lorraine plateau, and has a relatively high rainfall and cool climate. The majority of the inhabitants are of German descent, and there are three official languages: Luxembourgish, French, and German, which are all German-based. More than 90% of the population is Catholic. The main industry is the steel industry, which developed in the 19th century, depending on the iron deposits that extend from the Lorraine region of France. In terms of land use, arable land, pastures, and grazing land are prominent, and dairy farming and livestock farming are widely practiced. The main exports are steel, metal products, textiles, and chemicals, and the country trades a lot with Germany, Belgium, and other neighboring countries. It is a constitutional monarchy with a unicameral parliament based on proportional representation. Together with Belgium and the Netherlands, it is known as one of the three Benelux countries. It is an original member state of the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Community (EEC), which was the basis of the European Community (EC). (→History of Luxembourg)

Luxembourg
Luxemburg, Rosa

Born: March 5, 1871 in Zamosztórz
[Died] January 15, 1919. Berlin German female revolutionary and socialist. A Jew born in Poland. She became involved in underground activities early on, and in 1889 she went to Zurich, Switzerland, to study politics and economics, receiving her doctorate in 1898. During that time she became acquainted with G. Plekhanov and P. Axelroth, and joined the socialist movement. In 1893 she founded the Russo-Polish Social Democratic Party (the precursor to the Polish Communist Party). In 1995 she entered Germany and played a leading role in the German socialist movement. During the Russian Revolution of 1905 she went to Warsaw, where she was arrested for supporting the revolution. After her release, she settled in Germany. Through her debate on revisionism, she became one of the theoretical leaders of the left wing of the German Socialist Party and the Polish revolutionary movement. During World War I, he developed an anti-war movement, and in 1917, together with K. Liebknecht, founded the Spartacist League, the precursor to the German Communist Party. However, he was arrested shortly after and led the anti-war and revolutionary movement from prison. After the war, he was released and founded the German Communist Party, but was captured and killed during a political uprising in January 1919. He wrote many books on Marxism, including Die Akkumulation des Kapitals (1913).

Luxembourg
Luxembourg

The capital of Luxembourg. It is located on the Alzette River, which flows north through the south of the country. The origins of the city lie in the sandstone hills inside the bend of the Alzette River, where the Romans and later the Franks built a fortress, using them as a natural fortress. The name Luxembourg comes from "little fortress". The old town spreads out on high ground and includes the Grand Ducal Palace (1572), the City Hall (1830-38), and the Gothic Notre Dame Cathedral (1613-23). ​​The new town is at the bottom of the valley. The fortress was strengthened with each successive ruler, from Spain to Austria, France, Germany, and others, and was said to be the second strongest fortress in Europe after Gibraltar. However, it was disarmed when Luxembourg was established as an independent country with guaranteed neutrality following the collapse of the German Confederation in 1867. The old town and the remains of the fortress were registered as a cultural heritage of the World Heritage Sites in 1994. There is a steel industrial area in the suburbs. It is a key location for rail and road transport, and is home to the European Investment Bank and the European Court of Justice, making it one of the financial centers of Europe. Population: 94,034 (2011).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
正式名称 ルクセンブルク大公国 Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg (ルクセンブルク語) ,Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (フランス語) ,Grossherzogtum Luxemburg (ドイツ語) 。
面積 2586km2
人口 51万7000(2011推計)。
首都 ルクセンブルク。

ヨーロッパ北西部にある国。ベルギー,フランス,ドイツと国境を接する。ベルギーのアルデンヌ高原とフランスのロレーヌ台地の間にある丘陵性の地帯にあり,降水量が比較的多く,気候は冷涼である。住民はドイツ系が多く,公用語はドイツ語系のルクセンブルク語,フランス語,ドイツ語の3種類。宗教はカトリックが 90%以上を占める。主産業はフランスのロレーヌ地方から延びる鉄鉱床に依存して 19世紀から発達した鉄鋼業。土地利用では,耕地,牧草地,放牧地が卓越し,酪農,牧畜業が広く行なわれている。主要輸出品は,鉄鋼,金属製品,繊維,化学薬品などで,ドイツ,ベルギーをはじめ周辺の国々との取り引きが多い。立憲君主制で,比例代表制による一院制議会がある。ベルギー,オランダとともにベネルックス三国と称される。ヨーロッパ連合 EUやヨーロッパ共同体 ECの基礎となったヨーロッパ経済共同体 EECなどの原加盟国。 (→ルクセンブルク史 )

ルクセンブルク
Luxemburg, Rosa

[生]1871.3.5. ザモシトシ
[没]1919.1.15. ベルリン
ドイツの婦人革命家,社会主義者。ポーランド生れのユダヤ人。早くから地下活動に身を投じ,1889年スイスのチューリヒにおもむき,政治,経済を学び,98年博士号を取得,その間 G.プレハーノフ,P.アクセルロートらと知合い,社会主義運動に加わった。 93年ロシア・ポーランド社会民主党 (ポーランド共産党の前身) を結成。 95年ドイツに入国,ドイツ社会主義運動に指導的役割を果した。 1905年のロシア革命に際しては,ワルシャワにおもむき,革命を援護したため,逮捕され,出獄後は,ドイツに定住。修正主義論争を通じてドイツ社会党左派およびポーランド革命運動の理論的指導者の一人となった。第1次世界大戦では,反戦運動を展開し,17年 K.リープクネヒトとともに,ドイツ共産党の前身「スパルタクス団」を設立,しかしまもなく逮捕され,獄中から反戦・革命運動を指導した。大戦後釈放され,ドイツ共産党を創立したが,19年1月政治的蜂起の際捕えられて殺された。『資本蓄積論』 Die Akkumulation des Kapitals (1913) などマルクス主義について数多くの著述がある。

ルクセンブルク
Luxembourg

ルクセンブルクの首都。同国の南部を北流するアルゼット川沿岸に位置する。アルゼット川の曲流部内側にある砂岩丘陵を天然の要害としてローマ人,のちにフランク人が城塞を築いたのが起源で,ルクセンブルクの名は「小さな砦」に由来している。旧市街は高台に広がり,大公宮殿 (1572) ,市庁舎 (1830~38) ,ゴシック様式のノートル・ダム大聖堂 (1613~23) などがある。新市街は谷底部にある。城塞はスペイン,オーストリア,フランス,ドイツなどと支配者が交代するたびに強化され,ヨーロッパではジブラルタルに次ぐ第2の堅塞といわれたが,1867年ドイツ連邦の崩壊に伴ってルクセンブルクが中立を保障された独立国として発足する際,武装解除された。旧市街と城塞遺構は 1994年世界遺産の文化遺産に登録。近郊には鉄鋼工業地帯がある。鉄道,道路交通の要地で,ヨーロッパ投資銀行,ヨーロッパ裁判所などがあり,ヨーロッパの金融の中心地の一つでもある。人口 9万4034(2011)。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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