Quantum - Ryoshi

Japanese: 量子 - リョウシ
Quantum - Ryoshi

M. Planck demonstrated that the blackbody radiation law he proposed could be theoretically explained by introducing the revolutionary fundamental concept of quantum. Generally, the source of thermal radiation is thought to be an oscillator with a charge inside an object, which absorbs and emits electromagnetic waves of the same frequency as the oscillator and the associated energy while maintaining thermal equilibrium. In classical physics, it was naturally assumed that the energy ε of the oscillator takes continuous values ​​from 0 to infinity with a statistically mechanical distribution corresponding to the temperature T. However, Planck hypothesized that the value of ε is not continuous, and takes only the values ​​of integer multiples of the product h ν of a certain constant h and the frequency ν: ε = 0, h ν, 2 h ν, 3 h ν, .... Calculations based on electromagnetism and statistical mechanics using this result show that the radiant intensity E ( T , λ) is proportional to the wavelength

λ = c /ν (where c is the speed of light)
and temperature T ,

and showed that it has the same form as the empirical formula he presented. Here, k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus, in the extremely microscopic world of atoms and molecules, physical quantities are not continuous as had been thought of in classical physics up until that point, but take on discrete, specific values ​​that are determined under certain conditions. This is called the quantum nature of energy. Planck demonstrated that there is a quantum nature in the energy of oscillators, and later, in 1905, A. Einstein demonstrated in his theory of the photoelectric effect that the energy of light also has a quantum nature. This is called a light quanta. In 1913, N. Bohr achieved brilliant results in his theory of the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, using the quantum nature of the angular momentum of the atomic motion within the atom as one of the conditions. After that, quantum theory was further developed, and the large system known as quantum mechanics was created. [See alternative terms] Planck's radiation law, quantum condition, quantum number

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

M. Planck(プランク)は,かれが提出した黒体の放射法則を量子という革命的な基本的観念を導入することにより,理論的に説明できることを示した.一般に熱放射の源は物体のなかに電荷をもった振動子があり,熱平衡を保ちながらその振動数と同じ振動数の電磁波とそれに伴うエネルギーを吸収したり放出したりしていると考えられる.そして,古典物理学では,その振動子のエネルギーεは統計力学的に温度Tに対応した分布をもつ0から∞までの連続的な値をとるのが当然であるとされていた.しかし,Planckはこのεの値は連続的ではなく,ある定数hと振動数νとの積hνの整数倍:ε = 0,hν,2hν,3hν,…の値のみをとると仮定した.これによって電磁気学と統計力学にもとづいた計算を行うと,放射強度E(T,λ)が波長

λ = c/ν (ただし,cは光速度)
と温度Tにより,

となり,かれの提出した実験式と同じ形になることを示した.ここに,kはボルツマン定数である.このように,原子・分子の極微の世界にあっては,物理量はそれまでの古典物理学で考えていたような連続的なものでなく,ある条件のもとに定まるとびとびの特定の値をとる.これをエネルギーの量子性という.Planckは振動子のエネルギーに対して量子性があることを示したが,その後,1905年にA. Einstein(アインシュタイン)は光電効果の理論で光のエネルギーにも量子性があることを示した.これを光量子という.また1913年にN. Bohr(ボーア)は水素原子のスペクトルの理論において,原子内での原子の運動における角運動量にも量子性があることを一つの条件として見事な成果をおさめた.その後,この量子論はさらに発展して,現在の量子力学という大きな体系がつくりあげられるようになった.[別用語参照]プランクの放射法則,量子条件,量子数

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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