A city in a metropolitan area that shares some of the functions of the mother city. It is called a satellite city because it is like a moon orbiting the earth. There is daily exchange of industrial and social activities between the central metropolis and the satellite city, and there is a strong relationship between commuting, going to school, and business. The original requirements for a satellite city are not just residential or factory areas, but that it has urban centrality, is independent as an administrative district, and is formally separate from the central city. New towns in Greater London are located on the outside of the central city of London (corresponding to Tokyo's wards) separated by green belts, provide places of employment for residents, develop neighborhood residential areas, and promise a high quality of life. These are not dormitories where commuters return only to sleep at night, nor are they what we call bedroom towns in the Japanese sense. Musashino City and Toyonaka City are developed as residential districts for Tokyo and Osaka, respectively, but they lack independence as satellite cities. [Shinzo Kiuchi and Mineaki Kanno] Growth and transformationSmall cities that developed independently on the periphery of a large city may be incorporated into the metropolitan area and become residential cities that send commuters to the central city, or the factories, wholesalers, ports, and other functions of the central city may be planned around the metropolis to become satellite cities in search of new locations. There are also garden cities or new towns that are newly built on open farmland. The garden cities of England were developed by taking over Letchworth and Welwyn, suburbs of London, which were realized in pursuit of the ideals described in "Garden Cities of Tomorrow" by E. Howard (England). The initial goal was a society of freedom and cooperation, with harmony between urban and rural areas, and a life of integrated work and home, where people worked in factories while cultivating farmland. After the Second World War, construction of new towns was carried out under a system of arrangement, and by the beginning of 1970, eight cities had been established around London and 20 cities throughout the UK. The population of each city was usually between 10,000 and 100,000 at the time of completion, and did not exceed 260,000 at its peak. However, the limited number of new towns was not enough to handle the influx of population into the Greater London area, so existing cities had to be developed and expanded to deal with the situation. New towns have been planned in many countries, including Tapiola in Finland. However, their goals and forms vary. For example, Tama New Town in Tokyo and Senri New Town in Osaka have a population of over 100,000 and are residential areas for commuters to central cities, which differs from the nature of new towns in the UK. Tsukuba Science City is unique, having been created by clearing forest land in order to disperse the overcrowding in the capital. In contrast, Hachioji City, Omiya City (which merged with Urawa City and Yono City in 2001 to become Saitama City), Chiba City, and Nara City and Takatsuki City around Osaka are examples of existing castle towns, administrative centers, and regional economic centers that became satellite cities due to the wave of suburbanization. However, as large cities expand and develop, some of their functions are pushed to the periphery, and as a result, satellite cities that are close to the large city gradually become more closely connected, and as a result, the uniqueness of the satellite city fades. [Shinzo Kiuchi and Mineaki Kanno] The problem of satellite citiesSatellite cities are new cities that offer healthy housing, better working conditions, and a high cultural standard. However, various problems have arisen in the process of their growth. The first is the destruction of the natural environment due to the expansion of housing development, the second is the difficulty in maintaining the location and quality of residential areas due to soaring land prices, the third is the delayed response of welfare and education to the increase in population and changes in the social structure, and the fourth is the worsening social environment due to increasing population density and industrial activity. A choice must be made between investing heavily in satellite cities or redeveloping the central city. [Shinzo Kiuchi and Mineaki Kanno] [References] | | | | Town| | toshi| | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
大都市圏にあって、母市の機能の一部を分担する都市。地球を回る月のような関係にあることから、衛星都市とよぶ。中心の大都市との間に、日常的な産業・社会活動の交流が行われ、通勤・通学、業務などの関係が濃い。単なる住宅地区、工場地区ではなく、都市としての中心性をもち、行政区画としても独立し、形態的にも中心都市から分離していることが本来の衛星都市の要件である。大ロンドンのニュータウンは、中心都市であるロンドン(東京区部にあたる)から緑地帯(グリーンベルト)によって隔てられた外側に配置され、住民の就業場所を提供し、近隣居住区を整備し、質の高い生活を約束している。ここは夜間に通勤者が眠るためだけに帰る宿舎(ドーミトリー)、日本流にいうベッドタウン(住宅都市)ではない。武蔵野(むさしの)市や豊中(とよなか)市は、それぞれ東京あるいは大阪の住宅地区として整えられているが、衛星都市としての独立性に乏しい。 [木内信藏・菅野峰明] 成長と変容大都市の周辺に独立して発達した小都市が、大都市圏に取り込まれて通勤者を中心都市に送り出す住宅都市となったり、あるいは中心都市の工場、卸売り、港湾などの機能が新しい立地を求めて大都市の周辺に計画されて衛星都市となる場合がある。また、農村の田野を開いて新たに建設される田園都市、あるいはニュータウンもある。 イギリスの田園都市garden cityは、E・ハワード(イギリス)の『明日の田園都市』に書かれた理想を求めて実現したロンドン近郊のレッチワース、ウェリン(ウェルウイン)を引き継ぎ発展させたものである。最初の目標は、都市と農村の調和、自由と協同の社会であって、工場に働くかたわら農園を耕す職住一体の生活であった。第二次世界大戦後にニュータウンとして制度上整えて建設が進み、ロンドン周辺に8市、イギリス各地に20市が1970年初めまでに成立した。各市の人口は、完成時1万ないし10万が多く、最大26万を超えなかった。しかし、限られた数のニュータウンでは、大ロンドン圏への人口の流入は処理できず、既存の都市を整備拡張して対処することとなった。 ニュータウンはフィンランドのタピオラをはじめとして、各国にも計画が普及していった。しかし、それらの目標や形状はいろいろである。たとえば、東京の多摩ニュータウン、大阪の千里(せんり)ニュータウンは、10万を超える規模をもち、中心都市への通勤住宅地となっており、イギリスのニュータウンとは性質が異なっている。筑波(つくば)研究学園都市は首都の過密を分散するために、林野を開いてつくられたユニークなものである。それらに対して、東京周辺の八王子市、大宮市(2001年に浦和市、与野市と合併してさいたま市となる)、千葉市、大阪周辺の奈良市、高槻(たかつき)市などは、既存の城下町、行政中心地、地方経済の中心都市などが郊外化の波を受けて衛星都市となった例である。しかし、大都市の拡大発展に伴って、大都市の機能の一部が外縁部に押しやられると、大都市と距離が近い衛星都市はしだいに結び付きが強くなり、その結果、衛星都市の独自性が薄まる。 [木内信藏・菅野峰明] 衛星都市の問題衛星都市は、健康な住居、よりよい労働条件、高い文化水準などを満足させる新しい都市である。しかし、その成長の過程で種々な問題も出てきている。第一は宅地化の進展による自然環境の破壊であり、第二は地価の高騰から住宅地の立地や質が保たれがたいこと、第三は人口の増加、社会構成の変化に対して福祉・教育などの対応の遅れがあること、第四は人口密度の増加、産業活動による社会環境の悪化が進むことである。衛星都市に多くの投資をするか、中心都市を再開発するかは選択を迫られる課題である。 [木内信藏・菅野峰明] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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