Rikuden

A term used to describe cultivated land mainly for cultivating miscellaneous grains, and is used in contrast to paddy fields for cultivating rice. A type of "hatake." In the "Nihon Shoki" (Chronicles of the Age of the Gods), there is a passage that states that "millet, barnyard millet, wheat, and beans" are "rikuta seeds." In addition, the phrase "bunkari suiriku" (dividing and dividing the suiriku (rice paddies and rice paddies)) that appears in the entry for September, 645, the first year of the Taika era, is highly likely to be "tahtake." The Military Defense Order (Gunbo-ryo) contains regulations on the cultivation of rice paddies and rice paddies by Sakimori (defence officers) in their place of work, and various vegetables are cultivated in these rice paddies. Under the Ritsuryo system, in October of 713 (the 6th year of Wadō, according to the Ruiju Sandai Kaku; the Shoku Nihongi states it was 715 (the first year of Reiki)), two tan (the same amount as the allotment of kubunden) was given to each husbandman, and the cultivation of wheat and millet was encouraged. Also, in September of 719 (the 3rd year of Yoro), 1 to 20 cho was allocated to each household throughout the country, and 3 sho of millet was collected as land tax for each tan. This encouragement of the cultivation of millet was largely a measure to prevent famine.

The land handover tax was intended for paddy fields, but in Yamashiro Province (later Yamashiro Province) and Awa Province, where there were few paddy fields, land fields were also subject to handover in addition to paddy fields.

[Takehiko Yoshimura]

"Shoku Nihongi 2, edited by Kazuo Aoki et al. (New Japanese Classical Literature Series 13, 1990, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Kimura Shigemitsu, Research on the History of Farming in Ancient and Medieval Japan (1992, Azekura Shobo)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

主に雑穀を栽培する耕地で、水稲耕作の水田に対する語。「はたけ」の一種。『日本書紀』神代紀(じんだいき)に、「粟・稗(ひえ)・麦・豆」を「陸田種子」とする記述がある。また、大化元年（645）9月条にみえる「分割水陸」の語句は、「水陸（水田・陸田）を分け割(さ)きて」の意で、「たはたけ」である可能性が強い。軍防令(ぐんぼうりょう)には、防人(さきもり)が勤務地で行う水田・陸田の農耕の規定があり、この陸田では種々の蔬菜を栽培する。律令制下では、713年（和銅6。『類聚三代格(るいじゅうさんだいきゃく)』による。『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』は715年（霊亀元年）とする）10月、男夫1人に2段(たん)を与え（口分田(くぶんでん)の班給額と同じ）、麦・粟の雑穀栽培を奨励した。また、719年（養老3）9月に天下の民戸に1～20町を支給し、段ごとに3升の粟を地子(じし)として徴収した。このような雑穀栽培の奨励は、備荒対策の性格が強かった。

　班田収授は水田を対象としていたが、水田が少なかった山背国(やましろのくに)（のち山城国）・阿波国においては、水田に交えて陸田が班給の対象となっていた。

［吉村武彦］

『青木和夫ほか校注『続日本紀2』（『新日本古典文学大系13』1990・岩波書店）』▽『木村茂光『日本古代・中世畠作史の研究』（1992・校倉書房）』

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