A high-altitude meteorological observation device using a small radio transmitter. It is suspended from a balloon filled with hydrogen or helium gas and sent up into the sky. It was first invented in 1928 by PA Molchanov and others in the former Soviet Union. It usually measures three elements: air pressure, temperature, and humidity, but there are also dew point sondes for humidity observation at low temperatures, electrosondes for measuring the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere, and sondes for measuring radiation balance. Low-altitude sondes are used for observations up to about 2 kilometers in height. Kitesondes are also effective up to about 500 meters, and have the advantage that the measuring device can be used repeatedly. Those that are dropped from an airplane with a parachute and observe the ground are called dropsondes. The typical radiosonde currently used in Japan is named Type 80 (production began in 1980), and transmits observation data modulated signals on 1680 MHz radio waves. The three elements are measured using an aneroid barometer, a thermistor thermometer, and a carbon hygrometer. The thermistor thermometer, painted white, is attached to a frame that extends out from the box housing the oscillator and other components. A reference signal of 1800 Hz and three types of measurement data signals are transmitted in sequence every three seconds. In recent years, many countries have adopted an automated system for processing the received data at ground observation points to calculate the observation data. The 80 model also aims for automation through computer processing. [Takeji Shinohara] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
小型の無線発信機を使った高層気象観測装置。これを、水素あるいはヘリウムガスを入れた気球につり下げて飛揚する。1928年に旧ソ連のモルチャノフP. A. Molchanovその他によって、初めて考案された。普通は気圧、気温、湿度の三要素を測定するが、低温での湿度観測を目的とした露点ゾンデ、大気の電気伝導度を測る電気ゾンデ、放射収支測定用のゾンデなどもある。高さ2キロメートルくらいまでの観測には低層ゾンデが使用される。500メートル程度までならカイトゾンデkitesondeも有効であって、測定装置を繰り返し使用できる利点がある。パラシュートをつけて飛行機などから投下し、地面までの観測を行うのはドロップゾンデdropsondeとよばれる。現在日本で使用されている普通のラジオゾンデは80型(1980年製作開始)と名づけられ、1680メガヘルツの電波に観測データ変調信号をのせる。アネロイド気圧計、サーミスタ温度計、カーボン湿度計で三要素を測定する。白く塗装したサーミスタ温度計は、発振部などの収容箱から外方に出した枠に取り付ける。1800ヘルツの基準信号と3種の測定データ信号が、3秒置きに順次切り換えて発信される。地上観測点で受信結果を処理して観測データを算定する方式は、近年、各国で自動化が採用されつつある。80型も、コンピュータ処理による自動化を目ざしたものである。 [篠原武次] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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