Lactam - Lactam (English spelling)

Japanese: ラクタム - らくたむ(英語表記)lactam
Lactam - Lactam (English spelling)

A general term for heterocyclic compounds that have an amide group -CONH- in the ring. Depending on the size of the ring, they are classified into 4-membered β (beta)-lactams, 5-membered γ (gamma)-lactams, 6-membered δ (delta)-lactams, etc. β-lactams, γ-lactams, δ-lactams, etc. are cyclic amides of β-amino acids, γ-amino acids, δ-amino acids, etc., respectively. Lactams can be obtained by cyclization of the corresponding amino acids by heating, by the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclic ketone oximes, or by the reaction of the corresponding lactones with ammonia.

Generally, it is a solid with a low melting point and dissolves in water, ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and ether. It is an amphoteric compound that has weak basicity and acidity, and forms a salt when reacted with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid or a strong base such as sodium hydroxide. It is also hydrolyzed when heated with a strong acid or strong alkali to form the corresponding amino acid salt.

The most important compound industrially is ε (epsilon)-caprolactam, which is synthesized in large quantities as the raw material for 6-nylon, which is produced by ring-opening polymerization of this compound. β-lactams are also known as the chemicals central to the pharmacological action of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics ( Figure ).

[Mr. Hirota November 18, 2016]

"Beta-Lactam Drugs" edited by Ueda Yasushi and Shimizu Kihachiro (1987, Nanzando)

[References] | Amids | Caprolactams | Antibiotics | Heterocyclic Compounds | Beckmann Rearrangement
Applications of lactams (Figure)
©Shogakukan ">

Applications of lactams (Figure)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

環内にアミド基-CONH-をもつ複素環式化合物の総称。環の大きさにより、4員環のβ(ベータ)-ラクタム、5員環のγ(ガンマ)-ラクタム、6員環のδ(デルタ)-ラクタム、……に分類される。β-ラクタム、γ-ラタクム、δ-ラクタム、……はそれぞれβ-アミノ酸、γ-アミノ酸、δ-アミノ酸、……の環状アミドである。ラクタムは、相当するアミノ酸の加熱による環化、環状ケトンオキシムのベックマン転位、相当するラクトンとアンモニアとの反応により得られる。

 一般に融点が低い固体で、水、エタノール(エチルアルコール)、エーテルに溶ける。弱い塩基性と酸性をもっている両性化合物で、塩酸のような強い酸や水酸化ナトリウムのような強い塩基を作用させると塩を生成する。また、強酸や強アルカリと加熱すると加水分解されて相当するアミノ酸塩になる。

 工業的に重要なのは、ε(イプシロン)-カプロラクタムで6-ナイロンの原料として多量に合成されている。6-ナイロンはこの化合物の開環重合により製造する。またβ-ラクタムはペニシリン、セファロスポリン系の抗生物質の薬理作用の中心となる化学物質として知られている()。

[廣田 穰 2016年11月18日]

『上田泰・清水喜八郎編『β-ラクタム系薬』(1987・南江堂)』

[参照項目] | アミド | カプロラクタム | 抗生物質 | 複素環式化合物 | ベックマン転位
ラクタムの応用〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

ラクタムの応用〔図〕


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