A land tax collection system implemented by the British in their colony of India. In Bengal, the first territory acquired by the British in India, they implemented a tax collection method called the Zamindari system, in which someone was designated as a "landlord" and the amount of land tax to be paid was determined between the "landlord" and the landlord. However, in the 19th century, the Zamindari system came under increasing criticism, and instead, the Rāiyatvārī system was implemented, in which the amount of land tax was agreed upon with each individual farmer. The word rayyat originally meant "herd of camels" in Arabic, but in India it came to mean a subject of the state, or more specifically, a farmer. Therefore, the Rayyatwari system can also be translated as the individual farmer system. The system was first introduced in Madras state in southern India, where it was established in the 1820s. When the Bombay region, occupied in the Third Maratha War in 1818, became an independent Bombay state, the Rayyatwari system was also introduced there. The Rayyatwari system required detailed surveys of the area, land value, and location of each farmer's land holdings, which required a lot of time and expense for tax collection. As a result, criticism of the system grew in the 1840s, and in the various parts of northern India that were subsequently acquired, a tax collection method called the Maharwari system was implemented instead. [Otani Hiroyuki] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスがその植民地インドで実施した地税徴収制度の一つ。イギリスがインドで最初に獲得した領土であるベンガル地方では、だれかを「地主」と決め、この「地主」との間に支払うべき地税額を決定するザミーンダーリー制度という徴税方法を実施した。しかし、19世紀に入るとザミーンダーリー制度には批判が強くなり、それにかわって、個々の農民1人1人と地税額の取り決めをするライーヤトワーリーRāiyatvārī制度が実施されるようになった。ライーヤトとは、もともとアラビア語で「ラクダの群れ」を意味したが、インドでは国家臣民、さらに限定すれば農民を意味するようになっていた。したがって、ライーヤトワーリー制度は個別農民制度とでも訳すことができる。 この制度が最初に導入されたのは、インド南部のマドラス州であり、1820年代には制度として確立された。1818年の第三次マラータ戦争で占領したボンベイ地方が独立のボンベイ州となると、ここにもライーヤトワーリー制度が導入された。ライーヤトワーリー制度では、個々の農民の所有地の面積、地味(ちみ)、位置などを細かく調査しなければならず、徴税に要する手間と費用が大きかった。そのため、1840年代には批判が強まり、その後に獲得した北インドの各地では、それにかわってマハールワーリー制という徴税方法が実施されるようになった。 [小谷汪之] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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