Lynching - lynching

Japanese: 私刑 - しけい（英語表記）lynching

A criminal punishment imposed by a private individual or organization without the exercise of the state's power of punishment. In China, lynching has been practiced since ancient times, despite the long history of public authority. In particular, extralegal punishment was used for theft and adultery within clan communities. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, severe private punishment was imposed on those who violated the rules of tradesmen and industrialists, and secret societies such as the Qinpan (Blue Bang) and Hongpan (Red Bang). In Japan, lynching existed even in the Middle Ages, but it was only in the early modern period that lynching became clearly distinct from public punishment. In the Edo period, the shogunate adopted a public punishment system, but villagers tacitly tolerated the imposition of fines on those who gambled, and other lynchings such as ostracism, which was carried out except in cases of fire and funerals, and putting dissolutes in prisons in ordinary homes were widely practiced. After the Meiji period, the state monopolized all the power of punishment, and lynching was prohibited as a crime. The so-called "lynching" is said to have originated from the story of Virginia magistrate C. Lynch, who punished anti-revolutionary elements during the American Revolution, but illegal punishments were also carried out by private organizations in colonies, frontier areas, and frontier areas in Europe and the United States where the legal system was not fully developed. In America, from the colonial period through the 19th century, anti-social behavior was suppressed by collective punishment by residents. In particular, private executions were often carried out against so-called outlaws in the western frontier areas. Private harm was also inflicted on anti-slavery advocates in the South and labor movement leaders in the North, and even after slavery was abolished during the Civil War, supporters of slavery carried out private executions of black people through illegal organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

国家の刑罰権の発動をまたずに，私人もしくは私的団体が自力で行う刑事制裁。中国では，公的権威の古い確立にもかかわらず，古くから私刑が行われていた。特に同族集落内における盗犯や姦淫などについては，法によらない制裁が行われた。清代末には商工業者仲間や秘密結社といわれたチンパン (青帮) ，ホンパン (紅帮) 仲間の規約違反者に対してはきびしい私的制裁を科した。日本では，中世でも私刑的なものはあったが，公刑に対して私刑がはっきりした存在を示すのは近世に入ってからである。江戸時代，幕府は公刑主義をとっていたが，村方では博奕をした者などに過料を科することは黙認していたし，そのほか村方で，火事と葬式の場合を除いて行われた村八分とか，一般の家庭で放蕩者を座敷牢に入れるような私刑は広く行われていた。明治以後，国家がすべての刑罰権を独占するようになり，私刑は犯罪として禁止された。いわゆる「リンチ」と呼ばれるものは，アメリカ独立革命期のバージニア治安判事 C.リンチが反革命分子に対して制裁を加えた故事に由来するといわれるが，欧米においても，法律制度が十分に整っていない植民地や辺境地域，開拓地などで非合法な制裁が私的団体の内部で行われた。アメリカでは植民地時代から 19世紀を通じて反社会的行動を住民の共同の制裁によって抑制していた。特に西部開拓地域ではいわゆる無法者に対して私刑がしばしば行われた。また南部の奴隷制反対論者，北部の労働運動指導者にも私的な危害が加えられ，南北戦争で奴隷制が廃止されたのちも，奴隷制支持者たちはクー・クラックス・クランなどの非合法組織をもって黒人に対する私刑を行なった。

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