An earth retaining wall that resists earth pressure and prevents the collapse of soil. It is an earth pressure resistant structure that maintains stability by the wall's own weight and friction at the base, and is designed to ensure the safety of the structural members and the stability of the entire retaining wall against tipping or sliding, based on conditions such as the earth pressure acting on the back of the wall, the load on the soil, seismic forces, and the bearing capacity of the ground. Retaining walls are classified according to their structure into gravity type, semi-gravity type, cantilever type, buttress type, buttress type, stone/block masonry, and special type. Gravity type is a type that is mainly stable by its own weight, and is generally used for small retaining walls of about 3 to 4 meters or less in height, made of unreinforced concrete. Semi-gravity type is an intermediate type between gravity type and cantilever type, and is made of reinforced concrete, but with very little rebar. Cantilever type is made of reinforced concrete consisting of vertical walls and a base plate, and is generally used for medium-sized retaining walls of about 3 to 7 meters. Buttress type and buttress type retaining walls are cantilever type retaining walls with buttress or buttress type added, and are generally used for retaining walls of about 6 to 7 meters or more. Stone/block masonry retaining walls are made of stacked stones or blocks, and are easy to construct and have been widely used since ancient times. In addition to the above, there are other special types of retaining walls, such as shelf-type retaining walls, shelf buttress-type retaining walls, box-type retaining walls, sheet pile-type retaining walls, frame-type retaining walls, and retaining walls constructed using reinforced earth construction methods. [Akira Kono, Hitoshi Shimizu, and Takashi Shigitani] ©Shogakukan "> Main types of retaining walls Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
土圧に抵抗して土の崩壊を防止する土止め壁。壁の自重、底面の摩擦などによって安定を保つ抗土圧構造物で、壁の背面に作用する土圧およびその土の上に載る荷重、地震力、地盤の支持力などを条件として、構造部材の安全性と、擁壁全体の転倒や滑り出しに対する安定性を確保するよう設計されている。 擁壁の種類は、構造によって、重力式擁壁、半重力式擁壁、片持ち梁(ばり)式擁壁、控え壁式擁壁、支え壁式擁壁、石積・ブロック積擁壁、特殊擁壁などに分けられる。重力式は、主として擁壁の自重により安定を保つ形式で、一般に無筋コンクリート造で高さが3~4メートル程度以下の小型の擁壁に用いられる。半重力式は、重力式と片持ち梁式の中間的な形式で、鉄筋コンクリート造であるが鉄筋量はきわめて少ない。片持ち梁式は、縦壁と底板からなる鉄筋コンクリート造で、通常3~7メートル程度の中型の擁壁に用いられる。控え壁式および支え壁式擁壁は、片持ち梁式擁壁に控え壁もしくは支え壁式を付したもので、一般に6~7メートル程度以上の擁壁に用いられることが多い。石積・ブロック積擁壁は、石またはブロックを積み重ねたもので、施工が容易であり古くから広く用いられている。 以上のほか特殊な形式として、棚式擁壁、棚付控え壁式擁壁、箱形擁壁、矢板式擁壁、枠式擁壁、補強土工法による擁壁などがある。 [河野 彰・清水 仁・鴫谷 孝] ©Shogakukan"> 擁壁のおもな種類 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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