A craft made using lacquer. As lacquer is a unique product of the Orient, it has been developed since ancient times in China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Burma, and India. In China, there are records of lacquerware being actively produced as early as the Warring States period (403 BC-221 BC), and lacquerware from that time has been excavated from Changsha County, Hunan Province, and other places. Han-period lacquerware has also been excavated from ancient tombs in Lelang County, Korea, Loulan in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, Mongolia, and Northeast China. In Japan, the history of lacquerware dates back to the end of the Jomon period, and lacquerware has been found among the grave goods in ancient tombs. However, Japanese lacquerware developed only after Chinese lacquerware techniques were introduced with the introduction of Buddhism, and the excellent lacquerware techniques of that time can be seen in the Tamamushi Zushi of Horyu-ji Temple, the Shosoin Treasures, and the Treasures donated to Horyu-ji Temple. Since then, various techniques have been developed and it has continued to this day as a traditional craft. Lacquerware was introduced to Europe after the 16th century by Portuguese, Dutch and Jesuit missionaries, and was first imitated in Venice. It flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries due to the popularity of Chinoiserie (Chinese taste), but many of the works were of poor quality because they used paints other than lacquer, such as shellac and cashew, and there were no skilled craftsmen. However, there were also excellent artists such as the Martin family in Paris and Thomas Chippendale in England, and most of the royal palaces in 18th century Europe had lacquer rooms. Venice, Rome, Paris, London and Amsterdam were the centers of lacquerware, but Paris boasted the best techniques. Lacquerware is still practiced in France, Belgium and Italy today.Lacquer craftsPlease see the "Lacquer Crafts" page. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
漆を用いて制作する工芸。東洋特産の漆を用いることから,中国,朝鮮,日本,タイ,ビルマ,インドなどで古くから発達した。中国では戦国時代(前403~前221)すでに漆器が盛んに制作された記録があり,当時の漆器が湖南省長沙県などから出土している。また漢代のものは朝鮮楽浪郡の古墳や中国新疆ウイグル自治区の楼蘭のほか,モンゴル,中国東北地方などでも出土している。日本でも漆工の歴史は縄文時代末期にまでさかのぼり,古墳副葬品のなかに漆器が発見されている。しかし,日本の漆工が発達したのは,仏教渡来とともに中国の漆工技術が伝えられてからのことで,法隆寺の『玉虫厨子』をはじめ正倉院宝物や法隆寺献納宝物などによって,当時の優れた漆工技術を知ることができる。以後,各種の技法が発達し,伝統工芸として今日にいたる。ヨーロッパに漆工が伝えられたのは 16世紀以後で,ポルトガル人やオランダ人,イエズス会の宣教師たちによって紹介され,それをもとにしてベネチアで初めて模作された。以後シノアズリー(中国趣味)の流行もあって 17~18世紀に隆盛をきわめたが,シェラック,カシューなど漆以外の塗料を用いたものが多く,また熟達した技術をもつ職人がいなかったこともあって,粗悪な品質のものが多かった。しかし,パリのマルタン一家,イギリスのトマス・チッペンデールのような優れた作家も出て,18世紀ヨーロッパの王宮建築のほとんどに漆の部屋がつくられるほどであった。ベネチア,ローマ,パリ,ロンドン,アムステルダムなどがその中心地であったが,なかでもパリは最高の技術を誇っていた。現在でもフランス,ベルギー,イタリアでは漆工が行なわれている。
漆工芸
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