Portal vein - Monmyaku

Japanese: 門脈 - もんみゃく
Portal vein - Monmyaku

In vertebrates, the vascular system that collects blood from the capillaries of the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, stomach, and intestines and directs it to the liver is also called the portal vein. It is so named because it passes through the gate of the liver (the site where arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit together). The portal vein is a type of vein. The trunk of the hepatic portal vein branches into the left and right inside the liver, and branches into capillaries again. The capillaries of the portal vein and hepatic artery transition into the hepatic vein, which then flows into the inferior vena cava. Portal blood is important for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and other substances in the liver. The peripheral part of the portal vein and the systemic circulatory system veins are connected at three points: the lower part of the esophagus, the upper part of the rectum, and the umbilicus. If blood flow in the hepatic portal vein is impaired, varicose veins may develop at the above-mentioned junctions. In addition to the hepatic portal vein, there is the renal portal vein and the pituitary portal vein. The renal portal vein collects veins from the tail into the kidney and drains into the renal vein, and is found in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. In mammals, it only exists during the fetal stage, and later degenerates and disappears. The pituitary portal vein is a vein that lies between the median eminence and the anterior pituitary gland, and receives anterior lobe hormone-releasing factors and inhibitory factors and transports them to the anterior pituitary gland.

[Yasushi Kobayashi]

Portal vein in humans

The human portal vein is a venous trunk that collects venous blood from the digestive tract (lower esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder and sends it to the liver. It is about 6.5 cm long. The three major veins, the splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, and inferior mesenteric vein, join behind the pancreas to form the portal vein, which enters the liver through the hepatic port. In the liver, it runs as an interlobular vein in the connective tissue between the hepatic lobules, and enters the hepatic lobule to become a sinusoid. Since the sinusoids are fenestrated and the endothelial cells are discontinuous capillaries (sinusoidal capillaries), the blood in them comes into direct contact with the hepatocytes in the hepatic lobule. Therefore, the exchange of substances between the hepatocytes and the blood takes place directly here. In other words, the portal vein is an important blood vessel that transports nutrients absorbed in the digestive tract to the liver. At the same time, this part also performs the important functions of breaking down harmful substances in the blood that are absorbed from the digestive tract by liver cells, and storing carbohydrates in the blood as glycogen within liver cells.

Three-quarters to four-fifths of the total blood volume in the liver is supplied by the portal vein. In addition to the major veins mentioned above, the portal vein is also connected to the veins of the systemic circulation. The venous system of the lower part of the esophagus drains into the portal vein via the left gastric vein. A venous plexus is also developed around the anus, and the upper part of this venous plexus (the rectal venous plexus) (the superior rectal vein) drains into the inferior mesenteric vein. Therefore, if there is a blood flow disorder in the liver or in the portal vein system, the internal pressure of the portal vein increases, causing what is known as portal hypertension. This causes the formation of esophageal varices, which can sometimes bulge and rupture, resulting in fatal massive bleeding. If the rectal venous plexus expands to form varices, it can lead to hemorrhoids. In addition, portal hypertension may cause a swollen subcutaneous vein called "Medusa's head" to appear in the anterior abdominal wall (Medusa is a water monster from Greek mythology, also known as Medusa, with snake-like hair). This is secondary dilation of the veins around the navel (paraumbilical veins) that are connected to the portal vein via small veins. These symptoms are considered important in clinical diagnosis as portal hypertension. The most common cause is cirrhosis of the liver. Normal portal vein pressure is 100 to 150 millimeters of water. The pituitary portal system has a similar structure to the portal vein. The arteries that supply the pituitary gland form a capillary network at the base of the pituitary gland, then become veins and sinusoids in the anterior lobe. The pituitary portal system is a functional vascular system involved in the secretion and release of hormones.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

[References] | Pituitary gland | Liver

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

脊椎(せきつい)動物において脾臓(ひぞう)、膵臓(すいぞう)、胆嚢(たんのう)、胃、腸管の毛細血管からの血液を集め、これを肝臓に導く血管系をいい、門静脈ともよぶ。肝臓の門(動脈、静脈、リンパ管、神経などが、まとまって出入する部位)を通るのでこの名がついた。門脈は静脈の一種である。肝門脈の幹は、肝臓の中で左右に分かれ、ふたたび毛細血管に分枝する。門脈と肝動脈のそれぞれの毛細血管は肝静脈に移行し、下大静脈に注ぐ。門脈血は、肝臓において炭水化物や脂肪などの代謝に重要である。門脈の末梢(まっしょう)部分と体循環系静脈は、食道の下部、直腸の上部および臍部(さいぶ)の3か所で結合している。肝門脈の血流障害がおこると、上記の結合部に静脈瘤(りゅう)を生じることがある。門脈には肝門脈のほかに、腎(じん)門脈と下垂体門脈がある。腎門脈は、尾部からの静脈を腎臓に集め、腎静脈に注ぐもので、魚類、両生類、爬虫(はちゅう)類、鳥類にみられる。哺乳(ほにゅう)類では、胎児の間だけ存在し、のちに退化、消滅する。下垂体門脈は、正中隆起と下垂体前葉の間に介在する静脈であり、前葉ホルモンの放出因子や抑制因子を受け取って下垂体前葉へ運ぶ。

[小林靖夫]

ヒトにおける門脈

ヒトの門脈は消化管(食道下部、胃、小腸、大腸)、膵臓、脾臓、胆嚢からの静脈血を集めて肝臓に送り込む静脈幹で、長さは6.5センチメートルほどである。脾静脈・上腸間膜静脈・下腸間膜静脈の三大静脈が膵臓の後ろで合流して門脈を形成し、肝門から肝臓に入る。肝臓内では肝小葉間の結合組織内を小葉間静脈として走り、肝小葉内に進入して洞様血管(類洞)になる。洞様血管は有窓性で、かつ内皮細胞が非連続性の毛細血管(洞様毛細血管)であるから、この中の血液は肝小葉内の肝細胞と直接接触することになる。したがって、肝細胞と血液との物質交換がここで直接行われるわけである。つまり、門脈は消化管で吸収された栄養物質を肝臓に運ぶ重要な血管といえる。また同時に、消化管から吸収された血液内の有害物質は肝細胞によって分解され、血液内の糖質はグリコーゲンとして肝細胞内に貯蔵されるという重要な機能もこの部分で行われる。

 肝臓内の全血液量の4分の3から5分の4は門脈から供給されている。門脈には前記の主要静脈のほかに、体循環の静脈とも連絡がある。食道下部の静脈系は左胃静脈を経て門脈に注ぐ。また、肛門(こうもん)周囲には静脈叢(そう)が発達しているが、この静脈叢(直腸静脈叢)の上部(上直腸静脈)は下腸間膜静脈に注いでいる。したがって、肝臓内あるいは門脈系に血流障害が存在すると、門脈の内圧が高くなり、いわゆる門脈圧亢進(こうしん)をおこしてくる。この影響を受けて、食道静脈瘤(りゅう)が形成され、ときにこれが膨隆して破裂し、致命的な大出血となることがある。また、直腸静脈叢が拡張して静脈瘤をつくると、痔核(じかく)となる。このほか、門脈圧亢進によって前腹壁皮下に皮下静脈の怒張「メズサの頭(あたま)」をみることがある(メズサはギリシア神話の水の怪物で、メドゥサともいい、蛇(へび)の髪をもつ)。これは、へその周囲の静脈(臍旁(さいぼう)静脈)が小静脈を介して門脈と連絡しているため、二次的に拡張したものである。これらの症候は門脈圧亢進症として、臨床診断上、重要視される。病因としては肝硬変がもっとも多いとされる。正常の門脈圧は100~150ミリメートル水柱である。なお、門脈と似たような形態をとるものに下垂体門脈系がある。下垂体に分布する動脈は下垂体の根元で毛細血管網をつくったあと、静脈となり、前葉内で洞様毛細血管となる。下垂体門脈系は、ホルモン分泌・放出に関与する機能的血管系である。

[嶋井和世]

[参照項目] | 下垂体 | 肝臓

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