Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester

Japanese: モンフォール（英語表記）Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester

Born: circa 1208. Montfort, France
[Died] August 4, 1265. Evesham, England. An English nobleman. Born into the distinguished French family of Montfort. In 1229, he traveled to England, and in 1239, he became Earl of Leicester, a position he had held as a joint heir since his grandfather's marriage. As a favorite of King Henry III, he married the king's sister, Eleanor, in 1238. In 1239, he was banished due to the resentment of the nobles, and from 1240 to 1242, he participated in the Crusades. He was then sent to quell a rebellion in Gascony, an English territory in southern France, and was instrumental in restoring order. However, when the nobles of Gascony and Henry III conspired to expel Montfort, he retreated to France and became regent while Louis IX was on the Crusades. After returning to England, in 1258, he led the radical barons, forcing the king to sign the groundbreaking Treaty of Oxford, which called for the restriction of royal power. Later, he was isolated when the conservative barons and the king conspired, and he left England for a time, but when the barons' discontent with the king who had broken the Entente grew, he returned and organized another rebellion (→ Baron's Wars). In 1264, he defeated Henry at the Battle of Lewes, took him prisoner, and became the de facto ruler of England. In 1265, he convened a parliament, which included nobles, clergy, knights of the state, and citizens, and is considered the beginning of the House of Commons. However, he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Evesham by the conservative barons and the king's side.

Montfort
Montfort, Eugène

[Born] 1877
[Died] 1936
French poet and novelist. His most famous work is the novel Les Cœurs malades (1904). He also founded the magazine Les Marges (Margins), which launched many poets into the world. He participated in the founding of the magazine NRF, but parted ways with Gide after a dispute.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1208頃. フランス，モンフォール
[没]1265.8.4. イギリス，イーブシャム
イギリスの貴族。フランスの名門モンフォール家の出身。1229年イングランドに渡り，1239年祖父の結婚以来共同相続人となっていたレスター伯となる。国王ヘンリー3世の寵臣として，1238年王妹エリナーと結婚。1239年貴族の反感により追放され，1240～42年十字軍に参加。その後，南フランスのイギリス領ガスコーニュの反乱鎮定に派遣され，秩序回復に功があったが，この地の貴族とヘンリー3世が結んでモンフォールの駆逐をはかったため，フランスに退き，ルイ9世の十字軍出征中の摂政となった。帰国後，1258年急進派バロン（諸侯）の先頭に立ち，王権の制限をうたう画期的なオックスフォード協約を王に強制した。のち保守派バロンと国王が結託したため孤立し，一時国外に去ったが，協約を破棄した国王に対するバロンたちの不満がつのったのを機に帰国，再び反乱を組織し（→バロン戦争），1264年ルイスの戦いでヘンリーを破り，捕虜にし，事実上のイングランド支配者となった。1265年議会を招集，これは貴族，聖職者のほか，州の騎士，市民を含み下院の始まりとされている。しかし，保守派バロンと国王側の反撃にあい，イーブシャムの戦いで敗死した。