Under the Civil Code, a creditor may extinguish a debt by expressing his/her intention to the debtor (Article 519 of the Civil Code). Since exemption is a unilateral act, it is carried out unilaterally by the creditor, regardless of the intention of the debtor. It is also possible to exempt a portion of the debt, and conditional exemptions are also permitted. Exemptions have the effect of extinguishing a debt. However, if the debt is subject to the rights of a third party, it is understood that the exemption cannot be asserted against such a third party. In addition, under administrative law, exemption is a type of administrative act, and refers to an administrative act that partially or completely removes the obligation to act, provide, or tolerate something imposed by law or administrative act in certain cases. For example, exemption from the obligation to attend school due to poor health, etc. (Article 18 of the School Education Act). [Toshio Takeuchi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
民法上は、債権者が債務者に対する意思表示により債務を消滅させること(民法519条)。免除は単独行為であるから、債務者の意思を問わず、債権者の一方的意思によって行われる。債務の一部についての免除も可能であり、また条件付きの免除も認められる。免除によって債権消滅の効果が生ずる。ただし、その債権が第三者の権利の対象となっている場合には、免除をもってこのような第三者に対抗できないものと解されている。なお、行政法上では、免除は行政行為の種類の一つであり、法令あるいは行政行為によって課されている作為・給付・受忍義務につき、特定の場合に、その一部ないし全部を解除する行政行為をいう。たとえば、病弱等による就学義務の免除(学校教育法18条)などである。 [竹内俊雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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