Twenty-one Demands

Japanese: 二十一ヵ条要求 - にじゅういっかじょうようきゅう（英語表記）Twenty-one Demands

Demands made by Japan to China during World War I. At the time, Japan was aiming to establish interests in China, but taking advantage of the gap created by the war among the great powers in China, the Okuma Cabinet decided to resolve the pending issues after the fall of Qingdao, and on January 18, 1915, Foreign Minister Kato Takaaki submitted five demands consisting of 21 points to President Yuan Shikai. The first of these demands was to approve the terms of the agreement Japan would make with Germany regarding German interests in Shandong Province, the second was to extend the leases of Lushun and Dalian, as well as the leases of the South Manchuria and Anfeng railways for another 99 years, and the fifth was to place Japanese political, financial, and military advisers in the central government. At the same time, they demanded that these be kept secret. The Japanese government notified Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States of its demands, excluding No. 5, while the Chinese government attempted to leak the contents, and attempted to negotiate with the support of public opinion at home and abroad. Movements to expel Japanese goods arose throughout China, and criticism from other nations grew, but the Japanese government deleted No. 5 and notified the Chinese government of an ultimatum, and on the 25th, a treaty and exchange of diplomatic notes were signed between the two countries. From then on, May 9 (later the 7th), the day the ultimatum was accepted, became known in China as a "National Humiliation Day," and fierce anti-Japanese protests and movements to abolish the treaty unfolded throughout China.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

第1次世界大戦中に日本が中国に対して提出した要求。当時，日本は中国における権益の確立を目指していたが，大戦で中国に列国勢力の空隙が生じたのに乗じて，チンタオ (青島) 陥落後，大隈内閣は懸案解決をはかることを決定，1915年1月 18日，外相加藤高明が袁世凱大統領に5号 21ヵ条から成る要求事項を提出した。その第1号は，シャントン (山東) 省に関するドイツ権益について日本がドイツと協定する事項を承認することなどについて，第2号は，リュイシュン (旅順) ，ターリェン (大連) の租借期限ならびに南満州，安奉両鉄道の租借をさらに 99年延長することなどについて，第5号は，中央政府に日本人の政治，財政，軍事顧問をおくことなどであった。同時にこれを秘密にするよう要求。日本政府がイギリス，フランス，ロシア，アメリカ各国に第5号を除く要求事項を通告したのに対し，中国政府は内容の漏洩工作を行い，内外世論の支持を背景に交渉に対処しようとした。中国各地で日貨排斥運動が起り，列国の非難も高まったが，日本政府は第5号を削除し，最後通牒を中国政府に通告，25日，両国間で条約と交換公文が調印された。以後中国では最後通牒受諾の5月9日 (のち7日) は「国恥記念日」とされ，中国全土で激しい抗日運動，条約廃棄運動が展開された。

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