A type of administrative prior regulation. Examples include a driver's license, a license to fill public water surfaces, a medical license, and a license for the former automobile transport business, but the use of these terms in positive law is the result of legislative coincidence, and legally, it is merely permission from the government office. Academically, when analyzing the nature of the term, it is either permission, patent, or approval, and there is no academic term for it. A driver's license and a doctor's license are academic permits, but the public is generally prohibited from driving a car or practicing medicine, and the system allows those who pass a certain test to have the prohibition lifted. This is to protect the safety of society, and if this is proven, the prohibition will be lifted without consideration of competition with others. In contrast, the licensing system that was once in place for the automobile transport business generally prohibited citizens from operating automobile transport businesses, and only granted licenses to those who met certain criteria, but the criteria included the perspective of the balance between supply and demand (supply and demand adjustment regulations), and operations were not permitted when there was already an oversupply, which made it different from general permission. Academically, it was treated similarly to what is called a patent. However, with the movement towards deregulation, the supply and demand adjustment regulations for the automobile transport business have basically been abolished, and the term "license" has been abolished for the automobile transport business, with the term "permission for automobile transport business" now being used. The Railway Business Law also formerly used the term "license for railway business," but this is now called "permission for railway business." Incidentally, electricity and gas businesses are still treated similarly to the former automobile transport business license, but in legal terms they are called "permission." In addition, a license for reclamation of public waters allows a private person to reclaim public waters (sea, lake, river) owned by the state, and when the reclamation is completed as planned, the ownership of the land is given to the person who reclaims it. This is completely different from a permission, since it gives something that belongs to the state to a private person. This is a typical example of an academic patent. In addition, permission under the Agricultural Land Act is required for the sale and purchase of agricultural land, but this is not permission in the sense that it is generally prohibited in academic circles and permitted if it is judged to protect social safety; rather, it is an act of regulating the act from the perspective of the public interest, assuming that a contract between private individuals is valid, and is called approval. [Yasuhito Abe] [Reference items] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
行政上の事前規制の一種。車の運転免許、公有水面埋立免許、医師免許、かつての自動車運送事業の免許などがその例であるが、こうした用語が実定法上用いられるのは立法の偶然によるもので、法律的には、単に役所から許しがあったというにとどまる。学問的にその性質を分析すると、許可か特許か認可であって、学問上、免許という用語はない。 車の運転免許、医師免許は、学問上は許可であって、国民に対し車の運転、医療行為を一般的には禁止し、一定の試験に合格した者にその禁止を解除する仕組みである。これは社会の安全を守るためで、その点が実証されれば、他の者との競争などを考慮せず、当然に禁止が解除される。 これに対し、かつて自動車運送事業についておかれていた免許制の場合、国民に対し自動車運送事業の営業を一般的には禁止し、一定基準に合致した者に免許を与えて営業させる点では同じであるが、その基準のなかに、需要と供給の均衡という観点が入っており(需給調整規制)、すでに供給過剰であるときは営業が認められない点で、一般の許可と異なるとされたのである。それは学問的に、特許といわれるものに近い扱いであった。 しかし、規制緩和の動きのなかで、自動車運送事業の需給調整規制は基本的に廃止され、あわせて、自動車運送事業については、免許という用語は廃止され、自動車運送事業の許可という語が用いられている。鉄道事業法でも、以前は鉄道事業の免許という語が用いられたが、今は鉄道事業の許可とされる。なお、電気、ガス事業は、現在でも、かつての自動車運送事業の免許と類似の扱いであるが、法律の用語では、許可である。 また、公有水面埋立ての免許は、国家公共の公有水面(海、湖、河川)を埋め立てることを私人に許し、計画どおりに埋立てが完成すれば、その所有権を埋立人に与える仕組みで、国家に属するものを私人に与えるものであるから、許可とはまったく異なっている。これは学問上の特許の典型的な例である。 なお、農地の売買については、農地法上の許可を要するが、これは、学問上、一般的には禁止し、社会の安全を守ると判断されれば許容されるという意味での許可ではなく、私人間の契約の有効を前提にさらに公益上の観点から規制する行為で、認可と称される。 [阿部泰隆] [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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