Munch, Walter

Japanese: ムンク（英語表記）Munk, Walter

Born October 19, 1917. Walter Heinrich Munk is an American oceanographer born in Vienna, Austria. His pioneering research on ocean currents and wave propagation laid the foundations of modern oceanography. He was born to a wealthy family in Vienna. He moved to the United States in 1932 and studied at a boarding school in New York State. He left his job at a bank after a few years and became an auditor at Columbia University. He graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1939 with a degree in physics and worked in the laboratory of Harald Sverdrup. He obtained a master's degree in geophysics from the California Institute of Technology in 1940. After completing his doctoral course in oceanography at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1947, he became an associate professor of geophysics at the same institute. He was promoted to professor in 1954 and became a research associate at the University of California's Geophysical Laboratory. He obtained American citizenship in 1939. The wave forecasting method he proposed in his research on waves conducted from 1939 to 1945 contributed to the success of the Normandy landings (Operation Overlord). In 1949, he studied ocean current dynamics at the University of Oslo. In the 1950s, he investigated the effects of geophysical processes on the oscillation of the Earth's rotation axis, and published his findings in the book "The Rotation of the Earth: A Geophysical Discussion" (co-authored with GJF MacDonald, 1960). Since 1975, he has proposed a method of sonic tomography that uses sound waves to image waves, and co-authored "Ocean Acoustic Tomography" (1995). In 1968, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in the UK, and in 1989, the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union. In 1993, he was the first recipient of the Walter Munk Award, established by the American Oceanographic Society and the U.S. Navy in honor of his achievements. He was also awarded the Kyoto Prize in 1999.

Munch
Munch, Edvard

Born December 12, 1863 in Engelhaugen near Leuthen
[Died] January 23, 1944. A Norwegian painter and printmaker from the suburbs of Oslo. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Oslo from 1881 to 1884, and traveled to France, Italy, and Germany until 1908. In Paris, he became interested in Van Gogh and Gauguin. During that time, he exhibited at the Berlin Kunstverein exhibition in 1892, but his unique style caused controversy and the exhibition was canceled, which was one of the reasons for the formation of the Berlin Secession. From that year to 1908, he was mainly active in Germany, producing a series of prints on inner themes such as desire, anxiety, fear, jealousy, solitude, and death, as well as prints on similar themes. From 1908 to 1909, he recuperated in Copenhagen due to a nervous illness, and thereafter worked in Norway. After his illness, his style became brighter in color and more fluid in form. From 1910 to 1915, he produced a series of oil murals for the lecture hall of the University of Oslo. He then settled in Oslo and spent his later years alone. His style of painting symbolically expresses the psychological and inner tensions of human existence, and he had a profound influence on the development of modern painting. He also bequeathed over 1,000 paintings and approximately 4,500 drawings, as well as a large number of prints, to the city of Oslo, which have been open to the public as the Munch Museum since 1863. His major works include "The Sick Girl" (1885-86, National Gallery of Art, Oslo) and "The Scream" (1893, same museum).

Munch
Munk, Kaj

Born January 13, 1898 in Maribo
[Died] January 4, 1944, Silkeborg. Danish playwright. Orphaned at the age of five, he finished university with the help of a pastor and became a priest. A strong-willed man, he admired heroes and expressed dissatisfaction with vulgar democracy, which led him to approach fascism at one point. His breakthrough work was En Idealist (1928), which dealt with King Herod of Judea. He established his position as a playwright with Cant (31), which dealt with King Henry VIII of England. Sejren (36), which was almost entirely in praise of Mussolini, was written in Han sidder ved Smeltediglen (38), which portrayed the troubles of conscience of an archaeologist under Nazi rule. When the German army invaded Denmark, he vehemently denounced it from the pulpit, and wrote Niels Ebbesen (42), an article based on a medieval national hero who fought against Germany, in protest. As a result, he was attacked and massacred by a group of Nazis. His other works include the masterpiece Ordet (32), his autobiography Foråret så sagte kommer (42), and a collection of sermons called By the Rivers of Babylon (Ved Babylons Floder (41)).

Munch
Munch, Peter Rochegune

Born: July 25, 1870, Redstead
Died January 12, 1948, Copenhagen. Danish historian and politician. After a career as a scholar of modern European history, he entered parliament in 1909 as a member of the Radical Liberal Party, and in the same year served as Minister of the Interior in the C. Saale cabinet. From 1913 to 1920 he was Minister of Defense. From 1929 to 1940 he was Minister of Foreign Affairs in a coalition cabinet of the Social Democrats and the Radical Liberal Party. During this time he worked hard to get Hitler to recognize the Danish-German border in 1920, which crossed the racially mixed Schleswig, but although he failed, he managed to avoid a breakdown. In 1940 he was blamed for the German occupation of Denmark, and resigned.

Munch
Munch, Peter Andreas

Born: December 15, 1810 in Christiania (now Oslo)
[Died] May 25, 1863. Roman-Norwegian linguist and historian. He studied the Old Norse language and claimed that Icelandic literature was the Old Norse language itself. He spent his academic life in Rome. His main work was Det norske Folks Historie (8 volumes, 1852-63).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1917.10.19. ウィーン
オーストリア生まれのアメリカ合衆国の海洋学者。フルネーム Walter Heinrich Munk。海流と波動伝播に関する先駆的な研究で，現代海洋学の礎を築いた。ウィーンの裕福な家庭に生まれる。1932年に渡米，ニューヨーク州の全寮制学校で学んだ。銀行を数年で退職し，コロンビア大学の聴講生となる。1939年に物理学の学位を得てカリフォルニア工科大学を卒業，ハラルド・スベルドラップの研究所で働いた。1940年カリフォルニア工科大学で地球物理学修士号取得。1947年スクリプス海洋研究所で海洋学博士課程を修了後，同研究所の地球物理学准教授に就任。1954年教授に昇進，カリフォルニア大学地球物理学研究所の研究員となった。1939年アメリカ市民権を取得。1939～45年に行なった波浪の研究で提唱した波浪予報方式がノルマンディー上陸作戦（オーバーロード作戦）の成功に貢献した。1949年オスロ大学で海流力学を研究。1950年代，地球物理学的作用が地球の自転軸の振動に及ぼす影響について調べ，著書 "The Rotation of the Earth: A Geophysical Discussion"（G.J.F.マクドナルドと共著，1960）に発表。1975年以降，音波を用いて波を画像化する音波断層観測法を提唱し，"Ocean Acoustic Tomography"（1995）を共著で執筆。1968年イギリスの王立天文学会金メダル，1989年アメリカ地球物理学連合ウィリアム・ボウイ・メダルを授与された。1993年，アメリカ海洋学会とアメリカ海軍がムンクの功績をたたえて設立したウォルター・ムンク賞の初代受賞者。1999年京都賞受賞。

ムンク
Munch， Edvard

[生]1863.12.12. ロイテン近郊エンゲルハウゲン
[没]1944.1.23. オスロ近郊
ノルウェーの画家，版画家。 1881～84年オスロの美術学校に学び，1908年までフランス，イタリア，ドイツを旅行。パリではゴッホ，ゴーガンに関心をもった。その間，1892年にはベルリンの美術家協会展に出品したが，その特異な画風が物議をかもして展示が中止され，このことはベルリン分離派結成の一因となった。同年から 1908年まで主としてドイツで活躍し，欲望，不安，恐怖，嫉妬，孤独，死といった内面的主題の連作『生のフリーズ』や同様の主題による版画を制作。 08～09年神経病のためコペンハーゲンで療養し，以後ノルウェーで活躍。病後の作風は色彩が明るくなり，形態が流動的となった。 10～15年オスロ大学講堂に連作油彩壁画を制作。以後オスロに定住して孤独な晩年をおくった。人間存在の心理的，内的緊張を象徴的に表現する作風で，現代絵画の展開に深い影響を与えた。なお，1000点以上の絵画，約 4500点のデッサンのほか，おびただしい数の版画をオスロ市に遺贈，63年よりムンク美術館として公開されている。主要作品は『病める少女』 (1885～86，オスロ国立美術館) ，『叫び』 (93，同) 。

ムンク
Munk， Kaj

[生]1898.1.13. マリボ
[没]1944.1.4. シルケボア
デンマークの劇作家。5歳で孤児となり，牧師の援助で大学を終えて聖職につく。強烈な性格で英雄に憧れ，卑俗なデモクラシーに不満を表わして一時はファシズムに近づいた。出世作はユダヤのヘロデ大王を扱った『一理想家』 En Idealist (1928) 。続いてイギリス国王ヘンリー8世を扱った『カント』 Cant (31) で劇作家としての地位を確立。『勝利』 Sejren (36) はムッソリーニをほとんど賛美的に扱ったが，『彼はるつぼのそばにすわる』 Han sidder ved Smeltediglen (38) ではナチス治下の考古学者の良心の悩みを描いた。ドイツ軍のデンマーク進駐に際しては説教壇から激しくこれを弾劾し，中世の対ドイツ戦で活躍した民族的英雄に取材した『ニールス・エッベセン』 Niels Ebbesen (42) を書いて抗議。そのためナチスの一団に襲われて虐殺された。ほかに，名作『言葉』 Ordet (32) や自伝『春はゆっくりと来る』 Foråret så sagte kommer (42) ，説教集『バビロンの川のほとりにて』 Ved Babylons Floder (41) など。

ムンク
Munch， Peter Rochegune

[生]1870.7.25. レッドステッド
[没]1948.1.12. コペンハーゲン
デンマークの歴史家，政治家。近代ヨーロッパ史学者として活躍後，1909年急進自由党から国会へ進出，同年 C.サーレ内閣の内相。 13～20年国防相。 29～40年社会民主党と急進自由党の連立内閣で外相。この間，人種的に混交したシュレースウィヒを横切る 20年のデンマーク，ドイツ国境をヒトラーに承認させることに尽力，失敗したが決裂は回避した。 40年ドイツ軍のデンマーク占領で非難を一身に負い，辞任した。

ムンク
Munch， Peter Andreas

[生]1810.12.15. クリスチャニア(現オスロ)
[没]1863.5.25. ローマ
ノルウェーの言語学者，歴史家。古代北欧語を研究，アイスランド文学を古北欧語そのものと主張。ローマで研究生活をおくった。主著『ノルウェー国民史』 Det norske Folks Historie (8巻，1852～63) 。

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