Galls are mainly formed by insects laying eggs and parasitizing plants, causing abnormal growth of plant tissue. They are also called insect galls. They are also called "galls" along with galls caused by bacteria and fungi. In a typical gall, an insect lives in the central space, and the surrounding tissue develops into thick tissue. Galls are formed on branches, stems, leaves, roots, flowers, buds, and fruits. It is thought that the induction of abnormalities is due to abnormal cell growth and differentiation caused by substances secreted by parasites, and the breakdown of physiological regulation in local tissues. The galls of chestnut gall wasps have a high content of auxin, a plant hormone. Gall-forming insects include rotifers, nematodes, spiders, and mites, but insects are by far the most common. Among them, insects of the Cynipidae family of the Hymenoptera order and the Cynipidae family of the Diptera order are the most important, both in terms of the nature of galls and in terms of practical use. The former tend to have complexly shaped humps, while the latter tend to have a wide variety of humps. Well-known useful galls include gall nucs (galls caused by the ink wasp on the branches of oaks native to Asia Minor) and gall nucs (galls caused by aphids on the leaves of sumac trees), both of which are used as sources of tannin. However, the damage they cause to agriculture and forestry far outweighs their usefulness. The chestnut gall wasp creates fingertip-sized galls on new chestnut shoots, severely stunting growth and completely eliminating fruit set. These galls first appeared in Okayama Prefecture in 1941 (Showa 16), and have since spread throughout the country. The galls that form on the leaves of plants such as Kurile-zasa and Azuma-zasa, where the Sasa-o-tatami gall wasp lays eggs and parasitizes them, are called Sasauo (bamboo grass fish) because they look like fish. [Nori Saito] Galls on boxwood. They are formed by boxwood gall midges, and the larvae hibernate inside. ©Seishohmaru "> Gall (Boxwood Gall) Galls on the leaves of the sumac tree. They are made by the sumac leafworm, a member of the aphid family. They are used to make tannins and for medicinal purposes. ©Seishohmaru "> Gall (gallnut) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
おもに昆虫が産卵、寄生することによって植物体組織が異常肥大成長してできるこぶ。虫えい(ちゅうえい)ともいう。細菌・菌類による菌えいとともに「えい瘤(りゅう)」とよばれることもある。こぶの典型的なものでは、中央の空間に虫が生息し、周囲は厚い組織に発達する。枝、茎、葉のほか、根、花、芽および果実にも形成される。奇形への誘発は、寄生者の分泌する物質による細胞の増殖と分化の異常、局部組織におこる生理調整の破綻(はたん)などが考えられている。クリタマバチのこぶでは植物ホルモンであるオーキシンの含量が高い。こぶをつくる虫には、ワムシ、線虫、クモ、ダニもあるが、昆虫が圧倒的に多い。なかでも、膜翅(まくし)目のタマバチ科と双翅目のタマカ科の昆虫類は、虫こぶの本質からも、実用面からも、もっとも重要である。前者では複雑な形のこぶ、後者では変異に富んだこぶが多い。 有用な虫こぶとしてよく知られるものに、没食子(もっしょくし)(小アジア産のカシの枝にできるインクフシバチによるこぶ)、五倍子(ごばいし)(ヌルデの葉にできるアブラムシによるこぶ)があり、いずれもタンニンの材料として用いられる。しかし、農林業に与えている害のほうが、有用なものよりもはるかに大きい。クリタマバチは、クリの新芽に指先大のこぶをつくって成長を著しく阻害し、実の着生を皆無にする。この虫こぶは1941年(昭和16)に初めて岡山県に発生し、以来、全国に広がった。なお、チシマザサやアズマザサなどの葉に、ササウオタマカが産卵、寄生してできるこぶは、魚のようなかっこうになるので笹魚(ささうお)とよばれる。 [斎藤 紀] イヌツゲにできた虫こぶ。イヌツゲタマバエによって形成され、中で幼虫が越冬する©Seishohmaru"> 虫こぶ(イヌツゲメタマフシ) ヌルデの葉にできた虫こぶ。アブラムシ科のヌルデミミフシによってつくられる。タンニンの材料となるほか、薬用として利用される©Seishohmaru"> 虫こぶ(五倍子) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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