Millikan - Robert Andrews Millikan

Japanese: ミリカン - みりかん(英語表記)Robert Andrews Millikan
Millikan - Robert Andrews Millikan

American experimental physicist. Known for Millikan's oil drop experiment. Born March 2 in Morrison, Illinois. After graduating from high school, he worked as a court recorder, but in 1886 he entered the preparatory school of Oberlin College, where he taught elementary physics for two years. This led him to join the physics department of Columbia University, where he earned a degree (1895), and later became an assistant professor at the University of Chicago (1896) and an associate professor (1902), before becoming a professor of physics (1910). During World War I, he participated in wartime research and developed anti-submarine weapons. From 1921 to 1945, he served as a professor at California Institute of Technology and director of the university's Norman Bridges Laboratory.

In the 1890s, physics was still in its infancy in America, and he wrote textbooks on elementary physics and other subjects, devoting himself to education and laying the foundations for physics research in America. In 1907, he narrowed his research topic to the measurement of the charge of an electron, and, centering on the Cavendish Laboratory, he improved and developed the water drop method developed by JS Townsend (1868-1957), C. Wilson, Thomson, and Harold A. Wilson (1874-1964), inventing the oil drop method (1916) and succeeding in precisely measuring the charge of an electron (elementary charge) (1917). He also conducted research on the photoelectric effect from 1912 to 1915, experimentally proving the relationship between Einstein's photoelectron energy and frequency (1914), and was the first to determine the Planck constant using the photoelectric effect. In 1923, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his measurements of the elementary charge and his research on the photoelectric effect. He also conducted spectroscopic research in the ultraviolet and X-ray regions, discovering the "Millikan rays" (1920), and studied cosmic rays, discussing their origin and laying the foundation for cosmic ray research in the 1930s. He died on December 19, 1953 in San Marino, California.

[Shio Otomo November 19, 2018]

"Nobel Prize Lectures: Physics, Vol. 4" edited by Seitaro Nakamura and Tsuneji Konuma (1979, Kodansha) " "History of Experimental Physics" by Takeshi Okuda (1975, Uchida Rokakuho Shinsha)

[References] | Wilson | Cosmic rays | Photoelectric effect | Electric charge | Thomson | Spectroscopy | Milikan's experiment

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの実験物理学者。ミリカンの油滴実験で知られる。3月2日イリノイ州モリソンに生まれる。高等学校卒業後、裁判所の記録係を務めたが、1886年オバーリン・カレッジの予科に入学、卒業後2年間予科の初等物理学の教師をした。これがきっかけとなって、コロンビア大学物理教室に赴き、学位取得(1895)、その後シカゴ大学助手(1896)、助教授(1902)を経て、物理学教授となった(1910)。第一次世界大戦中は、戦時研究に参画、対潜水艦兵器の開発にあたった。1921~1945年カリフォルニア工科大学教授、同大学ノーマン・ブリッジ研究所所長を務めた。

 1890年代のアメリカでは物理学はまだ揺籃(ようらん)期にあり、彼は初等物理学などの教科書を著し、教育に専念するとともに、アメリカの物理学研究の土台づくりに尽力した。1907年、研究テーマを電子の電荷の測定に絞り、キャベンディッシュ研究所を中心に、タウンゼントJ. S. Townsend(1868―1957)、C・ウィルソン、トムソン、H・ウィルソンHarold A. Wilson(1874―1964)らが開発した水滴法を改良、発展させ、油滴法を発明(1916)、電子の電荷量(電気素量)の精密測定に成功した(1917)。また、1912~1915年にかけて光電効果の研究を進め、アインシュタインの光電子のエネルギーと振動数との間の関係式を実験的に証明し(1914)、光電子効果によるプランク定数の最初の決定を行った。1923年電気素量の測定と光電効果の研究に対してノーベル物理学賞を受けた。さらに、紫外線、X線領域での分光学的研究を行い、「ミリカン線」を発見(1920)、また宇宙線の研究も行い、その起源を論じ、1930年代の宇宙線研究の基礎を築いた。1953年12月19日カリフォルニア州サン・マリノで死去した。

[大友詔雄 2018年11月19日]

『中村誠太郎・小沼通二編『ノーベル賞講演 物理学 第4巻』(1979・講談社)』『奥田毅著『実験物理の歴史』(1975・内田老鶴圃新社)』

[参照項目] | ウィルソン | 宇宙線 | 光電効果 | 電荷 | トムソン | 分光学 | ミリカンの実験

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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