This is an accounting process in which the decrease in the value of tangible fixed assets is recorded as an expense. For the purpose of calculating the appropriate profit and loss for a period, the initial investment (acquisition cost) in relation to the revenue (or sales revenue) gained from the use of tangible fixed assets (or business assets) such as buildings, equipment, and vehicles is recorded as an expense (depreciation expense) in a planned and regular manner according to the degree of decrease (depreciation) in value that occurs with the use of the tangible fixed assets. In a specific depreciation calculation, three elements are required: (1) acquisition cost, (2) useful life or total usage, and (3) residual value. The amount obtained by subtracting (3) from (1) is called the amount to be depreciated, and this is recorded as depreciation expense for each accounting period based on the figure in (2). The acquisition cost in (1) is typically acquired by purchase for tangible fixed assets, in which case it is calculated by adding the various expenses incurred until the fixed asset can be used (transportation, installation, trial operation, acquisition tax, etc.) to the purchase price. In addition, when it is acquired in exchange for another company's fixed asset, when it is acquired by self-construction, when it is acquired through contribution in kind, when it is acquired through finance lease transactions, etc., it is basically calculated based on the amount of expenditure, except in the case of a gift. Regarding (2), there are tangible fixed assets such as vehicles, whose degree of depreciation can be physically measured, such as the mileage of the current period compared to the total mileage, and tangible fixed assets such as buildings, whose degree of depreciation is measured based on the period of use, such as how long they were used. The former is called the usage (or production) basis, and the latter is called the period basis. Regarding the causes of depreciation, there are generally two types of depreciation: physical depreciation and functional depreciation. The former is the depreciation caused by physical wear and tear caused by use, and is an individual and direct decrease in the value of use that is also caused by the degree of management of the asset. On the other hand, the latter refers to the decrease in the value of use compared to new products such as personal computers, which are subject to rapid technological innovation and whose functional value decreases over the years. This depreciation cause is relative and indirect, and is difficult to predict when predicting the useful life, etc., so it is a factor in extraordinary depreciation, in which the initial prediction is revised several years later. Therefore, for such fixed assets that are rapidly becoming obsolete, the declining balance method, which is a calculation method that results in a large initial depreciation amount, is said to be suitable. Other depreciation calculation methods include the straight-line method and the series method, which belong to the period-based basis based on the period of use (useful life) like the declining balance method. There is also the production-unit-proportional method, which belongs to the usage (or production) basis. By the way, the amount depreciated from the acquisition cost in each accounting period is recorded on the balance sheet as accumulated depreciation, and the amount obtained by deducting the accumulated depreciation from the acquisition cost, which represents the initial investment amount, is called the book value. Finally, the residual value in (3) is the assumed selling price of the tangible fixed asset when it is disposed of. However, since it is an estimate based on the predicted value at the time of future sale, the difference will ultimately be recorded as a disposal gain or loss. Under tax law, depreciation can be included as an expense under certain conditions, so even though it is an expense, it does not result in new cash expenditures, and the initial investment amount circulates within the company. In finance, this is called the self-financing effect, and in accounting, it is called the liquidation of fixed assets. In corporate accounting, it is common to calculate the residual value as 10% of the acquisition cost, but the tax reform of 2007 allowed the memorandum value to be set at 1 yen, and everything else to be considered as the amount to be depreciated. As a result, Japan has also changed to a depreciation system that gives companies an international competitive edge in the calculation of investment recovery compared to the old system. [Noriyuki Chikada] [Reference item] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
有形固定資産の価値の減少を費用として計上する会計処理のこと。適正な期間損益を計算する目的で、建物、備品、車両運搬具などの有形固定資産(または事業用資産)の使用により獲得した収益(または売上高)に対して、その当初投資額(取得原価)をそれら有形固定資産の使用に伴って発生する価値の減少(減価)の度合いにしたがって、計画的・規則的に費用(減価償却費)として計上することをいう。 具体的な減価償却計算においては、以下で示す(1)取得原価、(2)耐用年数または総利用高、(3)残存価額の三つの要素が必要となる。(1)から(3)を控除した金額を要償却額とよび、これを(2)の数値を基にして各会計期間に減価償却費として計上する。 (1)の取得原価は、有形固定資産の場合、購入による取得が典型的であるが、その場合は、購入代価に当該固定資産を使用できるようにするまでにかかった諸経費(運搬費・据付費・試運転費・取得税など)を加算して求める。そのほか、他社の固定資産と交換で取得した場合、自家建設をして取得した場合、現物出資により取得した場合、ファイナンス・リース取引により取得した場合なども贈与の場合を除き基本的に支出額を基礎に求める。 (2)に関しては、総走行距離に対する当期の走行距離のように、価値の減少の度合いが物理的に把握可能な車両運搬具のような有形固定資産と、建物のように、そうした物理的な把握は困難で、どのくらいの期間使用したかというように使用期間を基準として価値の減少を図る有形固定資産とに分かれる。前者を利用高(または生産高)基準、後者を期間基準とよぶ。 減価原因に関しては、使用することにより、また使用する間に固定資産が被る減価原因として、一般に物理的減価原因と機能的減価原因があげられる。前者は、使用により物的な摩耗・損傷が生じることによる減価であり、資産の管理の程度にも起因する個別的・直接的な利用価値の減少である。一方、後者は、パソコンのように、技術革新が急速で、機能的に年が経過する新製品との比較においてその利用価値が減少するものをいう。この減価原因は相対的・間接的なものであり、耐用年数等を予想するとき予見しにくい減価原因であることから、当初の予想を数年後に修正する臨時償却の要因となるものである。したがって、そのような陳腐化が激しい固定資産に対しては、当初の償却額が大きくなる計算方法の定率法が適しているといわれている。その他の減価償却の計算方法には、定率法同様利用期間(耐用年数)を基礎とする期間基準に属する定額法や級数法などがある。また、利用高(または生産高)基準に属する生産高比例法がある。 ちなみに、取得原価から各会計期間で償却された金額は貸借対照表に減価償却累計額として計上され、当初の投資額を示す取得原価から当該減価償却累計額を控除した金額は帳簿価額とよばれる。 最後に、(3)の残存価額に関しては、除却廃棄したときの当該有形固定資産の売却価額を想定したものであるが、将来の売却時を予想したうえでの価額であり見積りの数値であることから、最終的にその差異は除却損益として計上されることになる。 減価償却は、税法上、一定の条件のもとで損金算入が認められているため、費用といえども新たに現金支出が生じるわけではなく、企業内に当初の投資額が循環する。財務的にはこれを自己金融効果とよび、会計では、それを固定資産の流動化とよんだりする。 企業会計上は、残存価額を取得原価の10%と予定して計算するのが一般的であるが、2007年(平成19)の税制改正で備忘価額1円とし、それ以外はすべて要償却額とすることが認められた。それにより、日本も、国際比較において、旧制度に比し、投資価額の回収計算において企業に国際競争力を与える減価償却制度に変貌(へんぼう)したといえる。 [近田典行] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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