Arm

Japanese: 腕 - うで
Arm

The use of arms in expressions such as "one's arms are powerful," "one's arms are powerful," and "one's strong" vaguely refer to the abilities that are embodied in a person's arms, and this shows just how important the role that the arms play in human daily life. The function of the human upper limbs, both in terms of its range of motion and its delicate functions, far exceeds that of other living creatures, and this can be said to explain why humans are the most intelligent of all living things.

Anatomically, the arm refers to the area between the shoulder and wrist, with the upper half from the elbow called the upper arm and the lower half called the forearm. The long axis of the upper arm is a single humerus, while the forearm's axis is formed by the bones of the forearm, namely the radius and ulna, which are arranged almost parallel to each other. The anatomical standard position of the upper limbs is when the upper limbs hang naturally with the palm facing forward, in which case the radius is on the outside and the ulna is on the inside. When the elbow is fully extended, the angle between the long axis of the humerus and the long axis of the ulna is about 170 degrees, and is not straight.

The upper arm is well muscular, with the humerus almost completely surrounded by muscle. The main muscles of the upper arm are the biceps, which form the bicep, and the triceps, which are located at the back; the former flexes the elbow, and the latter extends it. Movement of the upper arm is carried out by the shoulder joint and the muscles surrounding it, but the shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint and has the widest range of motion in the human body. There are many muscles involved in the movement of the upper arm, but the most powerful ones are the pectoralis major, deltoid, teres major, teres minor, and subscapularis.

The forearm is connected to the upper arm at the elbow joint. The humerus forms a hinge joint with the ulna, and the ulna and radius form pivot joints at both the top and bottom ends, allowing the forearm to twist. The most noticeable part of the elbow joint is the olecranon, which is the head end of the ulna that can be easily seen on the posterior surface of the elbow joint. The muscles of the forearm are a complex combination of flexor and rotator muscles that overlap, allowing fine movements of the wrist and fingers. Many of the forearm muscles have long tendons attached to them, and the attachment tendons of many muscles slide within a tendon sheath at the carpal joint. These can also be seen subcutaneously.

The arteries in the arm are the brachial artery, which originates from the axillary artery in the armpit and runs along the inner edge of the biceps muscle, so its pulsation can be felt under the skin on the inside of the upper arm. Therefore, this area is the appropriate area for compression hemostasis in the case of severe bleeding in the upper limbs. The brachial artery branches into the radial artery and ulnar artery in front of the elbow joint, and further branches out from there to supply nutrients to the muscles. The brachial artery is used to measure blood pressure. The radial artery, which runs on the radius near the wrist, is used to check the pulse. In the upper limbs, in addition to accompanying the arterial system, there are also subcutaneous veins that run independently, especially under the skin. The subcutaneous veins of the forearm gather in the median cutaneous vein on the front of the elbow, and then branch into the basilic cutaneous vein and radial cutaneous vein, which pass through the inside and outside of the upper arm and enter the axillary vein. The median cutaneous vein is mainly used for intravenous injections and blood sampling. The nerves that control the arms include the radial nerve, ulnar nerve, and median nerve, which branch off in the axilla. Because their control relationships are clear, if motor or sensory disorders occur in the upper limbs, the location of nerve damage can be determined based on the symptoms.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Arm skeleton
©Shogakukan ">

Arm skeleton

Arm Muscles
©Shogakukan ">

Arm Muscles


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「腕がなる」「腕によりをかける」「腕っぷしが強い」というような表現で用いられる腕は、漠然とその人の腕に表徴される能力をいい表すわけであるが、それだけ、人間の日常生活における腕の果たす役割は大きいといえる。人間の上肢の働きは、その運動範囲からみても、繊細な機能からみても、他の生物のそれをはるかに超えたものであり、人間が万物の霊長たるゆえんを物語るものといってもよい。

 解剖学的にいう腕は、肩と手首との間の部分をいい、肘(ひじ)から上半分を上腕、下半分を前腕という。上腕の長軸をなすのは1本の上腕骨であるが、前腕は前腕骨、すなわち橈骨(とうこつ)および尺骨(しゃっこつ)がほぼ平行に並び、それらで軸を形成している。解剖学的な上肢の基準位というのは、上肢を自然に垂らして手掌(手のひら)を前方に向けた状態をいうが、その場合、橈骨は外側になり、尺骨は内側となる。肘を十分に伸ばした場合、上腕骨の長軸と尺骨の長軸のつくる角度は約170度であり、まっすぐにはならない。

 上腕は筋肉の発達がよく、上腕骨はほとんど完全に筋肉に包まれている。上腕の主要な筋肉は、力こぶをつくる上腕二頭筋と、後面にある上腕三頭筋で、前者は肘を屈曲し、後者は肘を伸展する働きをする。上腕の運動は肩関節とその周囲の筋肉で行われるが、肩関節は球関節に属し、人体中ではもっとも運動範囲が広い。上腕の運動に関与する筋肉は数多くあるが、強大な筋肉としては大胸筋、三角筋、大円筋、小円筋、肩甲下筋などがある。

 前腕は肘関節で上腕とつながる。上腕骨は尺骨と蝶番(ちょうつがい)関節により、尺骨と橈骨とは相互に上下両端で車軸関節をつくり、このため前腕のねじれが可能である。肘関節でもっとも目につく著しい部分は肘頭(ちゅうとう)で、肘関節の後面ですぐ確認できる尺骨の頭端になる。前腕の筋肉は屈伸筋、回旋筋が複雑に重なり合い、手根部ないしは手指の細かい運動を可能にしている。前腕筋の多くは長い腱(けん)が付着し、多くの筋の付着腱は手根関節の位置で腱鞘(けんしょう)内を滑走している。これらは皮下でも認められる。

 腕に分布する動脈は、腋窩(えきか)(わきの下)内を通る腋窩動脈から移行した上腕動脈として上腕二頭筋の内側縁に沿って走るため、上腕内側の皮下で、その拍動に触れることができる。したがってこの部位は、上肢の大出血の場合、圧迫止血の適応部位となる。前腕の動脈は、上腕動脈が肘関節前面で橈骨動脈と尺骨動脈に分岐し、さらにそこから細かい枝が出て筋肉に栄養を送る。血圧を計るのは上腕動脈である。脈を調べるのは手根部に近く橈骨上を走る橈骨動脈である。上肢では静脈系は動脈系に伴行するほかに、とくに皮下を単独で走る皮下静脈があり、前腕の皮下静脈は肘前面の正中皮静脈に集まり、さらに尺側皮静脈、橈側皮静脈に分かれて、上腕の内側、外側を通り腋窩静脈に入る。静脈注射や採血には、おもに正中皮静脈が利用される。腕を支配する神経には、腋窩部で分岐した橈骨神経、尺骨神経および正中神経が関与するが、その支配関係がはっきりしているため、上肢に運動障害、感覚障害が生じた場合には、その症状によって神経の故障部位を推定できる。

[嶋井和世]

腕の骨格
©Shogakukan">

腕の骨格

腕の筋肉
©Shogakukan">

腕の筋肉


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