Green Revolution - Midori no Kakumei (English spelling) green revolution

Japanese: 緑の革命 - みどりのかくめい(英語表記)green revolution
Green Revolution - Midori no Kakumei (English spelling) green revolution

This refers to the innovation of agricultural technology, such as the breeding of grains, and the process of introducing it to developing countries, with the aim of improving agricultural productivity. In the 1960s, agricultural research institutes in developed countries, including the United States, began to work on breeding corn, wheat, rice, and other crops, particularly developing improved varieties with higher yields. In particular, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), established in the Philippines in 1962 with the support of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, developed IR-8, the so-called miracle rice, in 1966, and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), established in Mexico in 1963 with the support of the same foundations, developed a high-yield variety called Mexican wheat.

These new varieties were actively introduced to developing countries with the aim of resolving food shortages and establishing self-sufficiency through increased food production. In Southeast Asia, IR-8 was mainly introduced. This new variety could increase the yield by about twice that of conventional varieties, but it required the introduction of modern agricultural techniques, such as the application of large amounts of fertilizer and pesticides, and the introduction of irrigation facilities and agricultural machinery, and therefore required a large amount of capital investment. As a result, some farmers and regions were able to adopt the new varieties, while others were not, widening the income gap between classes and regions within rural areas. In addition, it was pointed out that the new variety was unsuitable for delta regions in the rainy season because it was short-stalked and required a lot of fertilizer, which caused environmental pollution.

In this way, the Green Revolution that began in the mid-1960s failed to achieve its intended objectives, and agricultural production in countries that introduced new varieties since the 1970s has remained stagnant due to factors such as poor weather and deficiencies in the various prerequisites for the introduction of new varieties.

[Kenji Akiyama]

The Green Revolution temporarily increased crop yields, but it also drew criticism for causing environmental destruction and the collapse of traditional rural culture through the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. On the other hand, there are also calls for a "Second Green Revolution" to address the serious food shortages in developing countries in Asia and Africa. Since the late 1980s, the introduction of new high-yield varieties has begun in Africa. High-yield varieties are also being developed using new biotechnology, but problems have been pointed out, such as opposition to technologies such as genetic modification and the monopolization of commercialized new varieties by corporations.

[Editorial Department]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

農業の生産性向上を目的とし、穀物類の品種改良などの農業技術の革新と、発展途上国への導入の過程をいう。1960年代に入って、アメリカをはじめとする先進国の農業研究所で、トウモロコシ、小麦、イネなどの品種改良、とくに収穫量の多い改良品種の開発が進められた。なかでも、ロックフェラー、フォード両財団の援助で1962年にフィリピンに設立された国際イネ研究所International Rice Research Institute(IRRI)では、1966年にいわゆるミラクル・ライス(奇跡の米)とよばれるIR‐8が開発され、また、同じく両財団の援助で1963年にメキシコに設立された国際トウモロコシ小麦改良センターCentro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo(CIMMYT)では、メキシコ小麦とよばれる多収穫品種が開発された。

 これらの新品種は、発展途上国における食糧不足を解消し、さらには食糧の増産による自給体制を確立することを目的に途上国に積極的に導入された。東南アジアにおいては、主としてIR‐8が導入された。この新品種は、収穫量を従来の品種の約2倍に増加することができるものであるが、大量の肥料や農薬の散布、灌漑(かんがい)設備や農機具の充実など、近代的農業技術の導入を前提とするものであり、多額の資本投下を必要とするものであった。そのため、新品種を導入できる農民や地域と、できないものとができ、農村内部の階層間、地域間の所得格差を拡大させた。また、化学肥料、農薬の大量投与による環境汚染や、新品種が短茎性で多肥料を必要とするため雨期のデルタ地帯に適さないという欠点も指摘された。

 このように、1960年代の中ごろから推進された緑の革命は、所期の目的を達成することができず、1970年代以降、新品種を導入した国々の農業生産は、新品種導入の諸前提の不備に天候不順などの要因も加わって、停滞した状態のままである。

[秋山憲治]

 緑の革命は、一時的に収穫量の増大をみたが、肥料、農薬の大量投与による環境破壊や伝統的農村文化の崩壊を招いたなど、多くの批判もあびた。一方、アジア、アフリカの開発途上の国にある深刻な食糧不足の対策として「第二の緑の革命」を求める声もある。1980年代後半から、アフリカにおいて多収穫の新品種の導入が始まっている。また、新しいバイオテクノロジーによる多収穫品種の開発も行われているが、遺伝子組換えなどの技術に対する反発や、商品化された新品種を企業が占有するなどの問題点も指摘されている。

[編集部]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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