Mithraism

Japanese: ミトラス教 - みとらすきょう(英語表記)Mithraism
Mithraism

A sect of mystery religion that spread throughout the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD. It worshipped the Persian god Mitra, but there are important differences between this sect and the religion of the Avesta (Zoroastrianism). It originated in eastern Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Syria in the 1st century BC, where it was organized under the influence of Persian religion and Hellenistic thought, and in the early 2nd century it spread rapidly throughout Italy and the Rhine and Danube river basins.

Mithras, the sun god who was born into the world by a miracle, was believed to have brought prosperity and salvation to mankind by killing the bull, which is the source of fertility. His followers worshipped the statue of "Mithras killing the bull" (relief, carving, mural, etc.) in the inner chamber of the semi-underground temple. Other major images include the statue of "Mithras born from the rock" (birth scene) and the statue of "lion-headed god" (cosmology). The rectangular-plan temple had a space in front of the inner chamber divided into three parts by a colonnade (benches for worshippers on the left and right and a central aisle), where banquets and initiation ceremonies were held to celebrate Mithras's triumphant return to heaven. The priests were the higher-ranking followers. The followers were promoted through seven ranks: Raven, Bride, Soldier, Lion, Persian, Messenger of the Sun, and Father.

The origin of these names is unclear, but it is clear that Mithraism shared a common temple plan, iconography, and organization of believers throughout the Roman Empire. Due to a lack of written sources, the ideas of Mithras can only be reconstructed from inscriptions and iconography, but even in this respect they appear to have been fairly organized.

[Hideo Ogawa]

"Mithraism" by M.J. Vermerslen, translated by Hideo Ogawa (1974, Yamamoto Shoten)

[Reference] | Mithra

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ローマ帝国全域にわたって、紀元前1世紀から紀元後5世紀まで流布した密儀宗教の一派。ペルシア起源の神ミトラスMitrasを祭神とするが、この派と『アベスタ』の宗教(ゾロアスター教)との間には重要な性格の相違がある。起源は前1世紀のアナトリア(小アジア)東部やシリアにあり、そこでペルシアの宗教やヘレニズム思想の影響下に組織化され、2世紀初頭にイタリアおよびライン、ドナウ両川流域を経て各地に急速に布教された。

 奇跡によってこの世に生誕した太陽神ミトラスMithrasは豊饒(ほうじょう)の根元としての牡牛(おうし)を殺し、その行為によって人類に繁栄と救済をもたらした、と信じられ、信徒たちは半地下式の神殿奥室の「牛を殺すミトラス」像(浮彫り、丸彫り、壁画など)を礼拝した。そのほかの主要な図像としては、「岩から生まれるミトラス」像(生誕図)と「獅子(しし)頭神」像(宇宙観)とがある。長方形プランをした神殿は奥室の前に列柱によって三分割された空間(左右の信者席用ベンチと中央通路)をもち、ミトラスの天界への勝利の帰還を祝う宴や入信式が催された。神官には上位の信徒がなった。信徒たちは下から大鴉(おおがらす)、花嫁、兵士、獅子、ペルシア人、太陽の使者、父という七つの位階を昇進した。

 これらの名称の起源は不明であるが、ミトラス教が全ローマ帝国にわたってほぼ共通の神殿プラン、図像、信徒組織を保ったことは明らかである。文献史料に乏しく、ミトラス教徒の思想は碑文や図像から復原するほかないが、この面でもかなり組織化されていたとみられる。

[小川英雄]

『M・J・フェルマースレン著、小川英雄訳『ミトラス教』(1974・山本書店)』

[参照項目] | ミトラ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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