It is a remnant of the light emitted when the universe exploded (→Big Bang theory) about 13.7 billion years ago, and comes to Earth from all directions in the universe as electromagnetic waves of blackbody radiation at 2.725 K. In the early expansion of the universe, light interacted strongly with matter, making the universe opaque. When the temperature of the universe drops below 10,000 K due to expansion, protons and electrons combine to become neutral, and matter becomes transparent to light. This is called the clearing of the universe. The temperature of blackbody radiation drops further due to the expansion of the universe, and it is now observed as radio waves at 2.7 K. It was discovered in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of Bell Telephone Laboratories. While measuring the noise of communication radio waves, they noticed radio noise coming from space other than the receiver. Robert Dicke and others interpreted this as radio waves left over from the fireball universe (Big Bang) predicted by George Gamow. This discovery established the evolutionary cosmology. The intensity of the background radiation is roughly constant regardless of direction, indicating that the distribution of matter in the universe is nearly isotropic (→Isotropy). In 1977, an anisotropy of about 0.1% was detected, which is thought to be due to the Milky Way Galaxy moving at a speed of about 300 km per second relative to the background radiation. At the end of the 20th century, fluctuations of about one hundred thousandth of the background radiation were measured in detail by COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) and WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Observatory), and various parameters of cosmology (Hubble constant, age of the universe, dark matter and dark energy density) were determined with high precision (→Origin and evolution of the universe). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
およそ 137億年前,宇宙が大爆発(→ビッグバン説)を起こしたときに出た光の名残りで,2.725Kの黒体放射の電磁波として宇宙のあらゆる方向から地球にやってくる。宇宙の膨張の初期,光は物質と強く相互作用して宇宙は不透明な状態にあった。膨張で宇宙の温度が 1万K以下になると陽子と電子が結合して中性になり,物質は光に対して透明になる。これを宇宙の晴れ上がりと呼ぶ。黒体放射の温度は宇宙膨張によってさらに下がり,現在は 2.7Kの電波として観測される。その発見は 1965年,ベル電話研究所のアーノ・ペンジアスとロバート・ウィルソンによる。彼らは通信電波の雑音測定をしていたが,受信機以外の電波雑音が宇宙からやってくるのに気づいた。ロバート・ディッケらは,これがジョージ・ガモフの予言した火の玉宇宙(ビッグバン)の名残りの電波であると解釈した。この発見によって進化論的宇宙論が確立した。背景放射の強度は方向によらずおよそ一定で,宇宙の物質分布がほぼ等方的であることを示している(→等方性)。1977年には約 0.1%の非等方性が検出されたが,これは銀河系が背景放射に対して秒速約 300kmの速度で運動しているためであると考えられている。20世紀の最後期には,背景放射の 10万分の1程度のゆらぎが,COBE(宇宙背景探査機)および WMAP(ウィルキンソン・マイクロ波非等方性観測衛星)により詳細に測定され,宇宙論の諸パラメータ(ハッブル定数,宇宙年齢,ダークマターやダークエネルギー密度)が精度よく決定された。(→宇宙の起源と進化)
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