It is one of the proteins that make up muscle and was isolated by Szent-Gyorgyi in 1942. Along with actin, it is a major component of myofibrils (cylindrical microstructures that run longitudinally in muscle fibers), and in rabbit skeletal muscles, it accounts for around 50% of the myofibril proteins. The thick A-filaments (long fibers) of sarcomeres (repeated units in the fiber direction in myofibrils) consist of 200-400 myosin molecules, dissolve in a concentrated neutral salt solution, and precipitate when diluted with water. At this time, myosin polymerizes to form filaments that are 15 nanometers wide (1 nanometer is one billionth of a meter) and 300-2000 nanometers long. Myosin has a molecular weight of about 480,000, and is divided into two H chains with a molecular weight of about 220,000 and four L chains with a molecular weight of about 20,000. The shape of the molecule is like a matchstick with two heads, which are slightly tilted and the axis is bent halfway. It is said to be 160 nanometers long and 2 nanometers in diameter. When treated with trypsin under mild conditions, myosin is cleaved into a head portion (H = heavy meromyosin, molecular weight approximately 360,000, water-soluble) that has ATP hydrolase (ATPase) activity and actin-binding ability, and a shaft portion (L = light meromyosin, molecular weight approximately 100,000) that gives myosin its association and water-insolubility. H-meromyosin is further decomposed into S-1, which has a molecular weight of 100,000 to 110,000, and S-2, which has a molecular weight of approximately 60,000. S-1 corresponds to one of the two heads of myosin and contains the actin-binding site and the ATPase active center. Muscle contraction is thought to occur when the many myosin heads that make up the A-filament pull in the thin I-filament made of actin and slide it into the center of the A-filament. ATPase activity is higher when actin coexists. Myosin is not limited to muscles, but exists in many other cells as well, and is called non-muscle myosin. [Koji Nomura] "New Developments in Biological Sciences: From Molecules to Cells," edited by the Science Editorial Department (1987, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Cell Growth and Cell Motility," edited by Ueshiro Yoshito and Yahara Ichiro (1989, Maruzen)" ▽ "Comparative Biochemistry of Marine Animal Muscle Proteins," edited by Arai Kenichi (1989, Koseisha Koseisha)" ▽ "New Biochemistry Experiment Course 1: Proteins (3) Higher-Order Structure," edited by the Japanese Biochemical Society (1990, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Cell Motility," by Kamiya Ritsu and Maruyama Kousaku (1992, Baifukan)" ▽ "Molecular Cell Biology, Volume 2, by James Darnell et al., translated by Noda Haruhiko et al. (1993, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Muscle Proteins of Fish and Shellfish: Their Structure and Function," edited by Nishida Kiyoyoshi, supervised by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science (1999, Koseisha Koseisha)" ▽ "Q&A," edited by Ohno Hideki et al. Exercise and Genetics (2001, Taishukan Shoten)" ▽ "The formation of kamaboko legs: The role of seafood meat constituent proteins and enzymes" (edited by the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, Nobuo Seki et al., 2001, Kouseisha Kouseikaku) [References] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Muscle structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
筋肉を構成するタンパク質の一つで、1942年セント・ジェルジーによって単離された。アクチンとともに、筋原線維(筋線維内に多数縦走する円筒状の微細構造)の主要な構成要素で、ウサギの骨格筋では筋原線維タンパク質の50%前後を占める。サルコメア(筋原線維中の線維方向にみられる繰り返しの単位)の太いA-フィラメント(長線維)は200~400個のミオシン分子からなり、濃い中性塩溶液に溶け、水で薄めると沈殿する。このとき、ミオシンが重合して幅15ナノメートル(1ナノメートルは10億分の1メートル)、長さ300~2000ナノメートルのフィラメントができる。ミオシンの分子量は約48万で、分子量約22万のH鎖2本と分子量2万前後のL鎖4本に分けられる。分子の形は頭が二つあるマッチ棒のようで、頭はすこし傾き、軸はなかばで折れ曲がっている。長さ160ナノメートル、直径2ナノメートルとされている。温和な条件でトリプシン処理すると、ATP加水分解酵素(ATPアーゼ)活性とアクチン結合能をもつ頭の部分(H=ヘビー-メロミオシンといい、分子量約36万、水溶性)と、ミオシンに会合性および水不溶性をもたらしている軸の部分(L=ライト-メロミオシンといい、分子量約10万)とに切断される。H-メロミオシンはさらに10~11万のS-1と約6万のS-2に分解される。S-1はミオシンの二つの頭の一つに相当し、アクチンとの結合部位、ATPアーゼ活性中心をもつ。 筋肉の収縮は、A-フィラメントをつくる多くのミオシンの頭がアクチンからなる細いⅠ-フィラメントを手繰り寄せ、A-フィラメントの中央へ滑り込ませることによって生じると考えられている。ATPアーゼ活性はアクチンが共存するときに高くなる。なお、ミオシンは筋肉に限らず、ほかの多くの細胞内にも存在しており、非筋ミオシンとよばれている。 [野村晃司] 『科学編集部編『生物科学の新しい展開――分子から細胞へ』(1987・岩波書店)』▽『上代淑人・矢原一郎編『細胞増殖・細胞運動』(1989・丸善)』▽『新井健一編『水産動物筋肉タンパク質の比較生化学』(1989・恒星社厚生閣)』▽『日本生化学会編『新・生化学実験講座1 タンパク質(3) 高次構造』(1990・東京化学同人)』▽『神谷律・丸山工作著『細胞の運動』(1992・培風館)』▽『James Darnell他著、野田春彦他訳『分子細胞生物学』下(1993・東京化学同人)』▽『日本水産学会監修、西田清義編『魚貝類筋肉タンパク質――その構造と機能』(1999・恒星社厚生閣)』▽『大野秀樹他編『Q&A 運動と遺伝』(2001・大修館書店)』▽『日本水産学会監修、関伸夫他編『かまぼこの足形成――魚介肉構成タンパク質と酵素の役割』(2001・恒星社厚生閣)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 筋肉の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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