Marfan's syndrome

Japanese: マルファン症候群 - マルファンしょうこうぐん(英語表記)Marfan's syndrome
Marfan's syndrome

What is the disease?

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary disease that, in addition to physical characteristics such as a tall figure with long, slender limbs and fingers, and deformities of the spine and chest, can also present serious symptoms such as a dislocated lens in the eye (lens subluxation), a balloon-like bulge at the base of the aorta just after leaving the heart (aortic aneurysm), and separation of the aortic blood vessel wall into its two layers, the intima and adventitia (aortic dissection).

It is seen in about 1 in 5,000 people. It is inherited from parent to child with a 50% probability regardless of gender (autosomal dominant inheritance), but the appearance and severity of symptoms vary between parents and children. There are various symptoms, but among them, aortic lesions are almost symptomless until dissection occurs, but once dissection occurs, it can be life-threatening, so special attention is required.

Marfan syndrome type 2, which has strong vascular symptoms and is not accompanied by lens subluxation, has recently been classified as Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Loeys-Dietz syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease that shows characteristic vascular, skeletal, and cutaneous symptoms and is inherited by the TGF-β receptor. β ( beta ) It is caused by an abnormality in the receptor gene.

What is the cause?

There is a congenital disorder of a molecule called fibrillin, which is one of the components of connective tissue that forms the framework of bones, muscles, blood vessels, skin, etc. throughout the body. This is due to an abnormality in the DNA sequence of the fibrillin 1 gene. Protein ( Protein ) This is caused by structural abnormalities or a decrease in protein production.

In 75% of cases, the genetic abnormality is inherited from a parent, but in 25% the abnormality is the result of a mutation that occurs when sperm or eggs are produced.

How symptoms manifest

Symptoms appear in the skeleton, eyes, aorta, and skin, but the symptoms vary greatly from person to person. In rare cases, respiratory problems and decreased muscle tone may appear immediately after birth, but most infants will develop tall stature, long limbs, slender fingers, and soft joints. In some cases, symptoms such as double vision or difficulty seeing may appear due to subluxation of the lens.

Other issues include myopia, astigmatism, and spinal Curved ( One position ) (Scoliosis), chest deformity ( Pectus excavatum ( Today )Pigeon breast ( Hatomu ) ) can also be seen from childhood. As the child grows, the base of the aorta expands (aortic root dilatation), and as the condition progresses, it can lead to serious symptoms such as insufficient regurgitation of the heart valves and aortic dissection. Flat feet ( Heterogenous ) , striae on the skin atrophy ( Ishku ) , Pneumothorax ( Today ) (Lung Hole ( hole ) In addition, examinations have revealed that the spinal cord is enlarged, the heart is Mitral valve ( Soubouen ) However, deviations from the above may also be permitted.

Testing and diagnosis

A comprehensive diagnosis is made in accordance with the international diagnostic criteria known as the Ghent Criteria, using physical findings (physical examination by a doctor), family history, as well as skeletal X-rays, cardiovascular ultrasound, ophthalmological examinations, chest and abdominal CT scans, and MRI scans.

However, caution is required as aortic disease may be present even if the diagnostic criteria are not met. Genetic testing is available at some institutions.

Treatment methods

The most important thing is to manage the heart and aorta. If the aortic root dilatation progresses or leads to aortic dissection, surgery is performed to replace the aorta with an artificial blood vessel or valve. Blood pressure must also be controlled with antihypertensive drugs. For spine and chest deformities, correction ( Resilience ) Treatment is performed using tools and surgery.

What to do if you notice an illness

Since this is a disease that varies greatly from person to person, you will need to consult with your doctor and manage your lifestyle according to your individual symptoms. In general, it is recommended that you avoid activities that increase blood pressure and sports that involve a lot of hitting of the body or head.

The departments that will be visited include pediatrics, orthopedics, ophthalmology, cardiology, and genetics.

Yuko Morisaki

Marfan syndrome
Marfan's syndrome
(Circulatory system disease)

What is the disease?

It is a genetic disease that causes abnormalities in the cells that make up the body and the connective tissue that connects tissues. Lesions are mainly seen in the skeletal system, eyes, and cardiovascular system, resulting in a characteristic body shape.

Aortic disease is life-threatening. If the connective tissue of the blood vessel wall is weakened, the pressure inside the blood vessels will gradually expand the aorta, causing the aortic valve to fail to close, resulting in regurgitation of the aortic valve or dissection of the blood vessel wall, which can lead to dangerous conditions. Early diagnosis and regular checkups are required, and surgical treatment may be required depending on the symptoms.

What is the cause?

A disease caused by abnormal genes in chromosomes Autosomal dominant ( Senior citizen of the United States ) It is hereditary. Due to an abnormality in the fibrillin 1 gene, there is an abnormality in the substance called fibrillin, which creates connective tissue necessary for the body, so normal protein cannot be produced and the connective tissue becomes weak.

In addition, TGF β ( beta ) There have also been cases of a family history of abnormalities in another gene called R2. It is said that about 25% of cases are not hereditary but are due to mutations in these genes.

How symptoms manifest

They are tall and thin with long limbs and fingers. Scoliosis ( Sokuwan ) or Turtleback ( Kiha ) Spinal abnormalities such as Pigeon breast ( Hatomu ) or Pectus excavatum ( Today ) , and joint hypermobility (excessive bending).

Cardiovascular diseases are important. The following are easily diagnosed in the asymptomatic stage: aortic root enlargement including the aortic valve, aortic valve insufficiency, Mitral valve ( Soubouen ) There is aortic insufficiency. When severe pain in the chest and back is observed, aortic dissection should be considered.

Cardiovascular diseases can progress over time, so it is important to monitor their progress.

Eye symptoms include subluxation, deviation, and myopia. Lumbar and sacral region ( Five-pointed ) The dura mater ( Spinal cord ( Spinal cord ) Expansion of the membrane that surrounds the abdomen (the lining of the abdomen) may also cause pain in the abdomen or legs.

Testing and diagnosis

In addition to family history and skeletal examination, skeletal X-rays, echocardiography, ophthalmologic examinations, CT and MRI of the lumbar spine and sacrum are also performed. Based on these findings, a diagnosis is made by combining what organs have abnormalities. Genetic testing is performed to investigate the cause rather than to diagnose the condition.

Treatment methods

To prevent sudden serious events, cardiovascular measures are the most important. When the aortic root expands to 5 cm or more or when aortic dissection occurs, surgery is recommended. The results of surgery have been very good. Medications used in treatment are aimed at lowering blood pressure and protecting blood vessels. β ( beta ) Blockers and ACE inhibitors are commonly used.

What to do if you notice an illness

Symptoms of this disease vary from person to person. Consult with your doctor regularly and manage your lifestyle according to your symptoms and the condition of your cardiovascular system. Avoid activities that increase blood pressure, strenuous exercise, and physical contact to reduce the risk of damage to the aorta, eyes, and bones. It is important to undergo surgery when the time comes. Quitting smoking is necessary.

Akihiro Niwa

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 マルファン症候群は、背が高く細長い手足と指、背骨や胸の変形といった体型的な特徴のほかに、眼のレンズがずれる(水晶体亜脱臼(あだっきゅう))、心臓を出てすぐの大動脈のつけ根の部分が風船のようにふくらんでこぶ状になる(大動脈瘤(りゅう))、大動脈の血管壁が内膜と外膜の2層にはがれる(大動脈解離(かいり))、といった重篤な症状を呈することもある、遺伝性の病気です。

 約5000人に1人にみられます。性別に関係なく親から子へ50%の確率で遺伝(常染色体優性遺伝)しますが、症状の現れ方や程度には親子でも差があります。多彩な症状を認めますが、なかでも大動脈の病変は、解離を起こすまで自覚症状はほとんどありませんが、いったん解離すると命に関わるので、とくに注意が必要です。

 血管系の症状が強く、水晶体亜脱臼を伴わない2型マルファン症候群は、最近、ロイス・ディーツ症候群として分類されています。ロイス・ディーツ症候群は血管・骨格・皮膚等に特徴的な症状を呈し、常染色体優性遺伝をする病気で、TGF­β(ベータ)受容体遺伝子の異常が原因で起こります。

原因は何か

 全身の骨、筋肉、血管、皮膚などの枠組みを作っている結合組織の成分のひとつである、フィブリリンという分子に生まれつき障害があります。これは、フィブリリン1という遺伝子のDNA配列に異常があるために、フィブリリン蛋白(たんぱく)の構造異常を生じたり、蛋白の産生量が減少することが原因です。

 この遺伝子異常は、患者の75%では親から受け継いだものですが、25%では精子あるいは卵子が作られる時に生じた突然変異によるものです。

症状の現れ方

 骨格・眼・大動脈・皮膚などに症状が現れますが、症状の個人差が非常に大きい病気です。生まれてすぐに呼吸障害や筋緊張低下がみられることも、まれにありますが、多くは、幼児期から高身長、長い手足と細長い指、柔らかい関節を認めるようになります。水晶体亜脱臼のために、ものが二重に見えたり、見にくくなったりする症状が出る場合もあります。

 その他、近視・乱視、背骨の彎曲(わんきょく)(側彎)、胸の変形(漏斗胸(ろうときょう)鳩胸(はとむね))なども小児期からみられます。成長につれ、大動脈のつけ根の部分の拡張(大動脈基部拡張)が起こり、進行すると心臓の弁の閉鎖不全や大動脈解離などの重篤な症状を合併してきます。扁平足(へんぺいそく)、皮膚の線条萎縮(いしゅく)肺気胸(はいききょう)(肺に(あな)が開く)、歯列不正(歯並びが悪い)もよくみられます。また検査により、脊髄硬膜の拡張、心臓の僧帽弁(そうぼうべん)の逸脱などを認めることもあります。

検査と診断

 理学的所見(医師による診察)や家族歴に加え、骨格系のX線検査、心臓血管超音波検査、眼科的検査、胸腹部CT検査、MRI検査などにより、ゲント基準と呼ばれる国際的診断基準にしたがって総合的に診断します。

 ただし、診断基準を満たしていなくても大動脈病変がみられることがあるので、注意が必要です。遺伝子検査は一部の機関で行われています。

治療の方法

 心臓や大動脈の管理が最も重要で、大動脈基部拡張が進行したり大動脈解離に至った場合は、人工血管や人工弁に取り替える手術を行います。また、降圧薬で血圧をコントロールする必要があります。背骨や胸の変形に対しては、必要に応じて矯正(きょうせい)具による治療や手術治療を行います。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 個人差が大きい病気なので、個々の症状に合わせて、主治医と相談しながら生活管理をしていく必要があります。一般的には、血圧を上げる動作や、身体や頭をぶつけることの多いスポーツを避けることがすすめられます。

 受診する科目としては、小児科、整形外科、眼科、循環器科、遺伝科となります。

森崎 裕子

マルファン症候群
マルファンしょうこうぐん
Marfan's syndrome
(循環器の病気)

どんな病気か

 体を構成する細胞と細胞や、組織と組織をつなぐ結合組織に、異常を来す遺伝性の疾患です。主に骨格系、眼、心臓血管系に病変が認められ、特徴ある体型を示しています。

 生命に関わるのは大動脈の病変です。血管壁の結合組織が弱くなっている場合には、血管内の圧力により少しずつ大動脈が拡大して、大動脈弁が閉じなくなり、大動脈弁の逆流を生じたり、血管壁に解離が起きて危険な状態になることがあります。早期に診断して定期的に検診を行い、症状によっては手術治療となります。

原因は何か

 染色体の異常な遺伝子による病気で、常染色体優性(じょうせんしょくたいゆうせい)遺伝を示します。フィブリリン1遺伝子の異常により、体に必要な結合組織を作るフィブリリンという物質に異常が起こるため、正常な蛋白質を生産できなくなり、結合組織が弱くなります。

 また、TGFβ(ベータ)R2という別な遺伝子の異常による家系も見つかっています。約25%は遺伝ではなく、これら遺伝子の突然変異によるといわれています。

症状の現れ方

 背が高くやせており、長い手足と指をもつ体型を示します。脊椎側弯(そくわん)亀背(きはい)などの背骨の異常、鳩胸(はとむね)漏斗胸(ろうときょう)、関節の過可動性(曲がりすぎる)などがよく認められます。

 心臓血管系の病気が重要です。無症状の段階で診断されやすいものとしては、大動脈弁を含む大動脈基部の拡大、大動脈弁閉鎖不全、僧帽弁(そうぼうべん)閉鎖不全があります。胸背部の激痛がみられた時には大動脈解離を考える必要があります。

 心臓血管系の病気は、年が経つにつれて進行することがあり、経過を追ってみていくことが大切です。

 眼の症状としては水晶体亜脱臼、偏位、近視などがみられます。また、腰椎仙骨部(ようついせんこつぶ)の硬膜(脊髄(せきずい)を包む膜)の拡張により、腹部や足の痛みが起こることもあります。

検査と診断

 家族歴や骨格の診察に加えて、骨格系のX線検査、心エコー検査、眼科的検査、腰椎仙骨部のCTやMRIなどが行われます。これらの所見をもとに、どの臓器にどのような異常があるかの組み合わせによって、診断が行われます。遺伝子検査は診断というより、原因を調べるために行われています。

治療の方法

 突然の重篤な事態を少しでも回避するには、心臓血管系の対策が最も重要です。大動脈基部が5㎝以上に拡大したり、大動脈解離を生じた時は手術がすすめられます。手術の成績は非常によくなっています。治療に使用される薬剤は、血圧を下げたり血管の保護を目的として、β(ベータ)遮断薬やACE阻害薬などが主に使用されます。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 この病気は、人により症状が異なります。定期的に主治医と相談し、症状や心臓血管系の状態に合わせて生活管理をしてください。血圧を上げる動作や激しい運動、体がぶつかり合う運動は避けて、大動脈、眼、骨が傷つく危険を減らしてください。必要な時期が来たら手術をすることが重要です。禁煙は必要です。

丹羽 明博

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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