Matsumae Domain

A small Tozama domain based in Matsumae, Hokkaido, which ruled over Ezochi. The domain was ruled by the Matsumae clan. The Kakizaki clan established a Wajin government in the southern tip of Ezochi from the mid-Muromachi period to the Sengoku period. During the fifth generation, Yoshihiro, Yoshihiro was granted exclusive rights to trade in Ezochi by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1593 (Bunroku 2), and then by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1604 (Keicho 9), forming a domain. During this time, Yoshihiro changed his surname to Matsumae in 1599 (Keicho 4), and began construction of Fukuyama Castle the following year in 1600, which was completed in 1606. The most distinctive feature of the Matsumae Domain was that its daimyo chigyo rights were not the right to control land backed by kokudaka (rice yield), but merely the exclusive right to trade with Ezo (the Ainu). This had a decisive impact on various aspects of the domain's administration, including the reproduction structure of the Matsumae Domain, the Matsumae clan's status, the form of the vassals' stipends, the financial structure, Ainu policy, and the nature of village control. In particular, the division of Ezo and Wajinchi, the trading area chigyo system, and the establishment of a checkpoint system at the offshore entrance to control the incoming and outgoing merchant ships, goods, and people in the three Matsumae ports (Matsumae, Esashi, and Hakodate) were major pillars for rationally realizing the daimyo chigyo rights. The Matsumae clan had no stipend, but in 1719 (4th year of the Kyoho era) it was given a stipend of 10,000 koku. Later, due to the issue of defending the northern border, the shogunate temporarily took direct control of eastern Ezo in 1799 (Kansei 11), then permanently took direct control in 1802 (Kyowa 2), and took direct control of the entire Ezo region in 1807 (Bunka 4), with the Matsumae clan transferred to Yanagawa, Date County, Mutsu Province (Date City, Fukushima Prefecture). After the domain was restored in 1821 (Bunsei 4), the commercial domain system was abolished and the stipends for vassals were expressed in rice yields and paid in money, resulting in a fictitious system of stored rice domains. In 1831 (Tenpo 2), he was restored to a stipend of 10,000 koku, and in 1849 (Kaei 2), he was ordered by the shogunate to build a castle, which was completed in 1854 (Ansei 1) and called Fukuyama Castle, becoming a castle-owning daimyo for the first time. However, with the opening of Hakodate Port the following year in 1855, most of his former territory north of Otobe village in the west and east of Kikonai village in the east once again became shogunate territory, and in exchange he was given a total of 30,000 koku in Yanagawa, Date County, Mutsu Province, and Higashine, Murayama County, Dewa Province (Yamagata Prefecture). Later, in June 1869 (Meiji 2), he was renamed Tate Domain, leading to the abolition of domains and the establishment of prefectures.

[Susumu Enomori]

"Newly compiled history of Hokkaido, Volume 2, General Theory 1" (1937, Hokkaido Prefectural Government)" ▽ "Newly compiled Narrative clan history, Volume 1" edited by Kanai En and Murai Masuo (1975, Shinjinbutsu Oraisha)" ▽ "Matsumae Town History, General Theory, Volume 1, Part 1" (1984, Matsumae Town)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

北海道の松前を本拠に蝦夷地(えぞち)を領有した外様(とざま)小藩。藩主は松前氏。室町中期から戦国時代にかけて蝦夷地の南端部に和人(わじん)政権を確立した蠣崎(かきざき)氏が、第5世慶広(よしひろ)のとき、1593年（文禄2）豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉より、ついで1604年（慶長9）徳川家康より蝦夷地交易の独占権を公認されて一藩を形成した。この間慶広は1599年（慶長4）松前と改姓、翌1600年福山館の築城に着手、1606年落成した。松前藩の最大の特徴は、その大名知行(ちぎょう)権が石高(こくだか)に裏づけられた土地の支配権ではなく、単に蝦夷地（アイヌ）交易の独占権にすぎなかったところにある。このことが、松前藩の再生産構造はじめ、松前氏の家格、家臣の知行形態、財政構造、アイヌ政策、村落支配のあり方など、藩政の諸側面に決定的な影響を与えた。なかでも蝦夷地と和人地の区分、商場(あきないば)知行制、松前三湊(みなと)（松前、江差(えさし)、箱館(はこだて)）での出入商船、物資、人物に対する沖口(おきのぐち)番所支配体制の確立が大名知行権を合理的に具現化するための大きな柱となった。松前氏は無高であったが、1719年（享保4）1万石格となった。その後幕府は、北辺防備問題から1799年（寛政11）東蝦夷地を仮直轄し、続いて1802年（享和2）永久直轄、1807年（文化4）蝦夷地全域を直轄するに及んで、松前氏は陸奥(むつ)国伊達(だて)郡梁川(やながわ)（福島県伊達市）に移封された。1821年（文政4）復封後は、商場知行制を廃止し、家臣への俸禄(ほうろく)形態も石高で表示し、金で支給するという擬制的蔵米(くらまい)知行制をとった。1831年（天保2）1万石格に復し、1849年（嘉永2）幕府から築城を命ぜられ、1854年（安政1）落成、福山城と称し、これによって初めて城持ち大名となった。しかし、翌1855年の箱館開港に伴い、西部乙部(おとべ)村以北、東部木古内(きこない)村以東の旧領地の大部分がふたたび幕領となり、替地として陸奥国伊達郡梁川、出羽(でわ)国村山郡東根(ひがしね)（山形県）に計3万石を与えられた。その後1869年（明治2）6月館(たて)藩と改称して廃藩置県に至った。

［榎森　進］

『『新撰北海道史　第2巻　通説1』（1937・北海道庁）』▽『金井圓・村井益男編『新編物語藩史　第1巻』（1975・新人物往来社）』▽『『松前町史　通説編　第1巻　上』（1984・松前町）』

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