Giuseppe Mazzini

Japanese: マッツィーニ - まっつぃーに(英語表記)Giuseppe Mazzini
Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian revolutionary and thinker, a central figure in the Italian independence and unification movement (Risorgimento). Born in Genoa. Studied law at the University of Genoa. During his time at university, he joined the secret society Carbonari and began his political activities. He was arrested in February 1830, and in 1831, in his place of exile in Marseille, he formed the Young Italians, whose slogans were republicanism and unification. In February 1834, he attempted an expedition to Savoy as a breakthrough for a general uprising, but it ended in failure. In April of the same year, in his place of exile in Bern, he formed the Young Europeans, a supra-national organization as a people's alliance against the Holy League. In 1837, he went into exile in London, and the revolutionary movement he led went into a period of stagnation. He resumed his activities around 1839, and led the movement within Italy. During the First Italian War of Independence, he prioritized unification and adopted a policy of postponing decisions on the political system until after victory in the war. However, he opposed the Milanese Provisional Government's policy of annexing northern Italy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and instead advocated a unified republic. In February 1849, the Roman Republic was proclaimed, and he secured a dictatorial position as one of the Triumvirate.

After the collapse of the Republic, he fled to Switzerland and London, but he devoted himself to organizing the European democratic movement while leading the Italian Risorgimento. In Italy, the Action Party, which he founded in 1853, was the center of repeated uprisings that ended tragically due to a lack of situational judgment, and the movement's power weakened significantly. In response to this, moderate forces centered in Cavour, with the slogan "Italy and Vittorio Emanuele", rose to power. After the unification of Italy by the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1861, Mazzini made a strong argument for the annexation of Rome and Venice, and the establishment of a constitution by a parliament elected by universal suffrage. He also participated in the founding of the First International, but he considered the ideal society to be a fraternal union of capitalists and workers and was unable to understand socialist theory. However, his indomitable idea of ​​unity continued to have a strong influence throughout almost the entire period of the Risorgimento.

[Fusatoshi Fujisawa]

"On the Duties of Man" by Mazzini, translated by Yukari Saito (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Mazzini" by Tetsuro Morita (1972, Shimizu Shoin)

[References] | Young Italy Party | Risorgimento | Roman Republic

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリアの革命家、思想家で、イタリア独立・統一運動(リソルジメント)の中心的人物。ジェノバに生まれる。ジェノバ大学で法律を学んだ。大学時代に秘密結社カルボナリ党に加わり、政治活動を開始した。1830年2月に逮捕され、1831年に亡命地マルセイユで共和主義と統一をスローガンとする青年イタリア党を結成した。1834年2月、一斉蜂起(ほうき)の突破口とするサボア遠征を企てたが失敗に終わった。同年4月、亡命地ベルンで神聖同盟に対抗する人民の同盟として超民族的な組織、青年ヨーロッパ党を結成した。1837年ロンドンに亡命し、彼の指導する革命運動は沈滞期を迎える。1839年ごろから行動を再開し、イタリア国内への運動指導を行った。第一次イタリア独立戦争期には、統一を優先し、政治体制の決定は戦争勝利後まで保留する方針をとった。ただ、ミラノの臨時政府のとったサルデーニャ王国への北イタリア併合という方針に反対し、共和制による統一を主張した。1849年2月に宣言されたローマ共和国では、三頭執政官の一人として、独裁的な地位を確保した。

 共和国崩壊後、スイス、ロンドンに亡命したが、イタリアのリソルジメントの指導と並行してヨーロッパの民主主義運動の組織化に没頭した。イタリアでは、彼が1853年に結成した行動党を中心に、状況判断を欠く悲劇的な結末に終わる蜂起が繰り返されており、運動の勢力は著しく弱体化していった。これに対して、「イタリアとビットリオ・エマヌエレ」をスローガンとするカブールを中心とする穏和派の勢力が台頭してくる。1861年のサルデーニャ王国によるイタリア統一後、マッツィーニは、ローマ・ベネチアの併合、普通選挙によって選ばれた議会による憲法の制定などを主張する論陣を張った。また、第一インターナショナルの創設にも参加したが、理想的社会を資本家と労働者の友愛的連合と考え、社会主義理論を理解できなかった。ただ、リソルジメントのほぼ全期間を通じて、彼の不屈の統一理念は強く影響を与え続けた。

[藤澤房俊]

『マッツィーニ著、齋藤ゆかり訳『人間の義務について』(岩波文庫)』『森田鉄郎著『マッツィーニ』(1972・清水書院)』

[参照項目] | 青年イタリア党 | リソルジメント | ローマ共和国

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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