Mary (Therese) McCarthy

Japanese: マッカーシー(英語表記)McCarthy, Mary (Therese)
Mary (Therese) McCarthy
Born June 21, 1912 in Seattle, Washington, USA
[Died] October 25, 1989. New York, USA. American female writer. After graduating from Vassar, she wrote book reviews for magazines such as The Nation and theater reviews for Partisan Review. She was influenced by her second husband of four marriages, critic E. Wilson, and published her novel The Company She Keeps (1942), which gained recognition. After her divorce, she taught at Bard College and other institutions for a time. She then published novels such as The Oasis (49), The Groves of Academe (52), and A Charmed Life (55), which sharply observed the weaknesses of intellectuals, and attracted attention. In particular, The Group (63), which depicts the lives of eight women who graduated from a prestigious university in the 1930s, attracted attention for its bold sexual descriptions. His other works include the anti-war Vietnam (67), the "international situation" novel Birds of America (71), and The Mask of State: Watergate Portraits (74), which explores the Watergate scandal.

McCarthy
McCarthy, John

Born: September 4, 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts
[Died] October 24, 2011. Stanford, California. American mathematician, computer scientist, and cognitive scientist. Known as a pioneering researcher in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). He received his PhD in mathematics from Princeton University in 1951, and later served as professor at Dartmouth College, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University. He studied the formalization of common knowledge, and was the first to use the term "artificial intelligence" in 1955 (→Dartmouth Conference). He developed the programming language LISP in 1958, which was initially used mainly in the fields of artificial intelligence and information technology (IT). It was not widely used in the 1990s, but in the 21st century it began to attract attention, especially among open source users. He was also involved in the development of Elephant2000, a programming language based on human speech acts. He received numerous awards, including the Kyoto Prize in 1988, the National Medal of Science in 1990, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 2003.

McCarthy
McCarthy, Eugene J.

Born March 29, 1916 in Watkins, Minnesota
[Died] December 10, 2005, Washington, DC
American politician. Full name Eugene Joseph McCarthy. He graduated from St. John's University in 1935 and earned a master's degree from the University of Minnesota while teaching high school. He taught at St. John's University from 1940 to 1943. During World War II, he worked as a civilian information technician for the Department of Defense, but returned to education after the war. He served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1948 to 1958 and a member of the Minnesota Senate from 1958 to 1971. In the 1968 presidential election, he ran for the Democratic presidential nomination on a platform opposed to the Vietnam War, but was defeated by Hubert H. Humphrey at the Democratic National Convention. However, McCarthy's success in the early campaign helped to shift the Democratic Party leadership's policy to an end to U.S. intervention in Indochina. He is also known as a poet and columnist.

McCarthy
McCarthy, Joseph Raymond

Born November 14, 1908, near Appleton, Wisconsin
[Died] May 2, 1957, Bethesda, Maryland. American politician. After graduating from Marquette University in Wisconsin, he became a lawyer and a circuit judge. He served in the Marines during World War II. Although he was a Democrat, he won the Republican nomination for the Wisconsin U.S. Senate election in 1946 and was re-elected in 1952. During this time, as chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Investigations in February 1950, he launched a "Red Scare" and created an anti-communist whirlwind. However, his actions were too extreme and drew backlash, and he rapidly lost influence after the Senate passed a resolution of condemnation in December 1954. (→ McCarthyism )

McCarthy
McCarthy, Lillah

Born: September 22, 1875, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire
[Died] April 15, 1960. London. British actress. Debuted in 1895, played Shakespeare's heroines with the Griet Theatre Company and others. Later, she appeared at the Royal Court Theatre, where J. Bedren and H. Granville-Barker were active, and starred in many of GB Shaw's plays, building her reputation as a great actress in modern theatre. She was briefly married to Granville-Barker (1906-18). Her books include her autobiography, My Life (30), and Myself and My Friends (33).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1912.6.21. アメリカ,ワシントン,シアトル
[没]1989.10.25. アメリカ,ニューヨーク
アメリカの女流作家。バッサー女子大学卒業後,『ネーション』誌などの書評,『パーティザン・レビュー』誌の劇評を担当。4回の結婚のうちの2番目の夫で批評家の E.ウィルソンの影響下に小説『彼女の仲間たち』 The Company She Keeps (1942) を発表して認められた。離婚後バード大学その他でしばらく教鞭をとったのち,『オアシス』 The Oasis (49) ,『学園の森』 The Groves of Academe (52) ,『不死身』A Charmed Life (55) など知識人の弱点を鋭く観察した小説を発表して注目され,特に 1930年代を背景に名門大学を卒業した8人の女性の人生を描いた『グループ』 The Group (63) は大胆な性描写で話題を呼んだ。ほかに,反戦を唱えた『ベトナム』 (67) ,「国際状況」小説『アメリカの渡り鳥』 Birds of America (71) ,ウォーターゲート事件を追及した『国家の仮面』 The Mask of State: Watergate Portraits (74) など。

マッカーシー
McCarthy, John

[生]1927.9.4. マサチューセッツ,ボストン
[没]2011.10.24. カリフォルニア,スタンフォード
アメリカ合衆国の数学者,コンピュータ科学者,認知科学者。人工知能 AI分野の先駆的研究者として知られた。1951年プリンストン大学で数学博士号を取得,その後,ダートマス・カレッジやマサチューセッツ工科大学,スタンフォード大学の教授を務めた。常識的知識の形式化を研究し,1955年に「人工知能」という用語を初めて用いた(→ダートマス会議)。1958年に開発したプログラム言語の LISPは当初,おもに人工知能や情報技術 ITの分野で利用された。1990年代にはあまり使われなかったが,21世紀に入ると,特にオープンソース利用者の間で注目されるようになった。また,人間の発話行為をベースにしたプログラム言語 Elephant2000の開発にもかかわった。1988年京都賞,1990年ナショナル・メダル・オブ・サイエンス,2003年ベンジャミン・フランクリン賞など数々の賞を受けた。

マッカーシー
McCarthy, Eugene J.

[生]1916.3.29. ミネソタ,ワトキンズ
[没]2005.12.10. ワシントンD.C.
アメリカ合衆国の政治家。フルネーム Eugene Joseph McCarthy。1935年セント・ジョーンズ大学を卒業し,高校で教えながらミネソタ大学で修士号を取得した。1940~43年セント・ジョーンズ大学の教壇に立つ。第2次世界大戦中,国防省で文民の情報技術者として働いたが,終戦後教育の世界に戻った。1948~58年ミネソタ州選出下院議員,1958~71年同上院議員を務めた。1968年の大統領選挙でベトナム戦争反対を掲げて民主党の大統領候補の指名獲得を目指したが,民主党全国大会でヒューバート・H.ハンフリー候補に敗れた。しかし選挙運動初期におけるマッカーシーの成功は,インドシナ半島へのアメリカの介入停止へと民主党指導部の政策を転換させるのに貢献した。詩人,コラムニストとしても著名。

マッカーシー
McCarthy, Joseph Raymond

[生]1908.11.14. ウィスコンシン,アップルトン近郊
[没]1957.5.2. メリーランド,ベセズダ
アメリカの政治家。ウィスコンシン州マーケット大学卒業後,弁護士,巡回判事となった。第2次世界大戦では海兵隊員として従軍。民主党員であったが 1946年ウィスコンシン州の連邦上院議員選挙に共和党の指名を獲得して当選,52年再選。この間,50年2月上院特別調査委員会の委員長として「赤狩り」に乗出し,反共旋風を巻起した。しかし,あまりにも極端なため反発を受け,54年 12月上院の非難決議により急速に影響力を失った。 (→マッカーシズム )  

マッカーシー
McCarthy, Lillah

[生]1875.9.22. グロスターシャー,チェルトナム
[没]1960.4.15. ロンドン
イギリスの女優。 1895年デビュー,グリート劇団などでシェークスピア劇のヒロインを演じていたが,のちに J.ベドレン,H.グランビル=バーカーの活躍するロイヤル・コート劇場に出演,G.B.ショーの多くの作品に主演して,近代劇の名女優としての名声を築いた。一時グランビル=バーカーと結婚 (1906~18) 。著書に自伝『わが生涯』 My Life (30) ,『私と友人たち』 Myself and My Friends (33) がある。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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