This refers to the chemical equilibrium that exists when solutions containing different electrolytes are placed in contact with each other, separated by a semipermeable membrane that is permeable only to the solvent and some ions. It is also called Donnan's membrane equilibrium, named after FG Donnan (1911), who was the first to systematically study this phenomenon. In a system where membrane equilibrium exists, the membrane-permeable ions cannot be distributed evenly in both solution phases due to the presence of ions that cannot permeate the membrane, and as a result, a potential difference (called the Donnan membrane potential) occurs between the two phases. The condition for equilibrium is given by the fact that the electrochemical potential in both solution phases for membrane-permeable ions is equal. In other words, the following equation holds for membrane-permeable ions. + ( p I - p II ) = 0 Here, i , ai , zi and where i is the electrochemical potential, activity, ionic valence (including sign), and partial molar volume of ion i, respectively, φ is the internal potential, and p is pressure. The superscripts I and II refer to the solution phases on either side of the membrane. R , T , and F are the gas constant, absolute temperature, and Faraday constant, respectively. For example, if there are two types of membrane-permeable ions, ions i and j, and the osmotic pressures of both solution phases are balanced in an appropriate manner, the Donnan membrane potential E D is and for the activities of ions i and j, The theory of membrane equilibrium is applied to systems such as colloid or polyelectrolyte solutions and semipermeable membranes, and aqueous solutions of simple electrolytes and ion-selective membranes. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
溶媒と一部のイオンだけを透過する半透膜を隔てて,異種の電解質を含む溶液を接触させた場合に成り立つ化学平衡をいう.この現象をはじめて組織的に研究したF.G.Donnan(1911年)にちなんでドナンの膜平衡ともいう.膜平衡が成立している系では,膜を透過できないイオンの存在のため,膜透過性イオンは両溶液相中に均等に分布することができず,その結果,両相間に電位差(ドナン膜電位という)を生じる.平衡の条件は,膜透過性イオンについて両溶液相における電気化学ポテンシャルが等しいということによって与えられる.すなわち,膜透過性イオンに対しては次式が成立する. + (pⅠ - pⅡ) = 0 ここで,i,ai,zi および i はそれぞれiイオンの電気化学ポテンシャル,活量,イオン価(符号を含む)および部分モル体積であり,φは内部電位,pは圧力である.上付きの添字ⅠおよびⅡは膜の両側の溶液相を意味する.また,R,TおよびFはそれぞれ気体定数,絶対温度およびファラデー定数である.たとえば,膜透過性イオンがイオンiとjの2種類とし,両溶液相の浸透圧が適当な方法で釣り合わされているとすると,ドナン膜電位 ED は, によって与えられ,またイオンiおよびjの活量に対しては, の関係が成立する.膜平衡の理論はコロイドあるいは高分子電解質溶液と半透膜の系,単純電解質の水溶液とイオン選択性膜の系などに応用される. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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