Born: January 11, 1815, Glasgow
[Died] June 6, 1891. Ottawa Canadian politician. First Prime Minister (in office 1867-73, 78-91). Known for establishing the foundations of modern Canada. Born in Scotland, he moved to Kingston, Upper Canada in 1820. Qualified as a lawyer in 1836. Elected to the United Canadian Provincial Assembly in 1844 and entered politics. Active as a Conservative Party member, he particularly sought to strengthen the ties between Canada and the UK through the British American Alliance. In 1954, he formed a coalition with G. Cartier, who led the Eastern Canadian province, and absorbed the reformists to form the Liberal Conservative Party. In 1957, he took over the government of the United Canadian Provinces. However, the United Canadian Provincial Assembly in Western and Eastern Canada was based on a regional representation system, which put the country in a difficult political situation. In 1864, he formed a coalition government with his political rival G. Brown, who advocated a population representation system, and thereafter pushed for the unification of all the colonies in British America, the formation of a confederation. He was appointed the first Prime Minister when the Canadian Confederation was established in 1967, thanks to his achievements at the Quebec Conference and the London Conference, where the framework for the British North America Act was decided. The Dominion of Canada, which was initially established with the four provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, added the three provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island during MacDonald's first term, completing a territory that stretched from the Pacific to the Atlantic. He strongly promoted the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, but was suspected of raising election funds in exchange for this, and was ousted in 1973, handing power to the Liberal Party and stepping down. However, in 1978, with the economy in a slump, he won the general election by advocating protectionism against the Liberal Party's advocacy of free trade, and the following year he implemented the National Policy. In the 1980s, Canada was in danger of splitting apart, as H. Mercier, O. Mowat and others began to assert provincial rights. In 1985, L. Riel rebelled again, but Macdonald maintained Canada's unity with his excellent leadership, and the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed in the same year. He died shortly after winning the general election in 1991. McDonald's
McDonald's Corporation The world's largest fast food restaurant chain, whose main product is hamburgers. It is synonymous with hamburgers. It began as a hamburger shop opened in California in 1940 by the McDonald brothers, Mac (Maurice) and Rick (Richard). Through a series of innovations, including self-service and systematized cooking processes, they invented the prototype of fast food-style service, such as "speedy service" where food is served within 30 seconds of ordering, and "service manualization" so that anyone can cook a uniform hamburger. In 1954, R. Kroc (1902-1984), an entrepreneur who dealt with mixers, obtained the franchise rights, and in 1955 opened the first store in Des Plaines, Illinois. In the same year, he established a new company, which changed its name to "McDonald's Corporation" in 1960. In 1961, Kroc acquired all business rights and the "McDonald's" trademark from the McDonald brothers. Based on the philosophy of "Q (quality), S (service), and C (cleanliness)," the number of franchised stores rapidly increased, reaching 1,000 in 1968. In 1973, a breakfast menu was introduced, and in 1975, a drive-through store was opened, reaching 10,000 stores in 1990. In Japan, McDonald's Japan was established in 1971, and the first store opened in July in Ginza 4-chome. As of 2004, there are more than 30,000 franchised stores in 119 countries, and a total of 47 million people use the stores every day. The company's hamburgers are popular all over the world, making it easy to compare prices, so the British economic magazine The Economist devised the "Big Mac Index" as an index to compare international purchasing power parity. On the other hand, as a symbol of American-style mass consumption society and globalization, stores are sometimes targeted by raids in various countries. McDonald's
MacDonald, James Ramsay Born: October 12, 1866, Lossiemouth, Scotland
Died November 9, 1937. British politician from the Atlantic. Prime Minister of the first Labour government. Born as the illegitimate son of a housekeeper, he finished his formal education at the age of 12. In 1885, he moved to England and took up a clerical position. Around this time, he became involved with socialist groups and devoted himself to the socialist movement from a liberal standpoint. In 1888, he became private secretary to the radical politician T. Ruff, and also became acquainted with J. Hardy. In 1894, he joined the Fabian Society and the newly formed Independent Labour Party. Even after joining, he maintained a moderate policy that emphasized parliament. On the other hand, he advocated the creation of an organization for workers independent of the two major parties, the Conservative and Liberal parties, and worked hard to establish the Workers' Representation Committee (the precursor to the Labour Party), and was appointed first secretary at the time of its inauguration in 1900. In 1906, the committee was renamed the Labour Party, and in 1911, he became its leader. During World War I, he opposed Britain's entry into the war from a socialist perspective, which isolated him within the party, and he resigned as leader, losing the election in 1918. After the war, he regained a seat and returned to the party as leader. In 1924, with the cooperation of the Liberal Party, he organized the first Labour Party cabinet and served as foreign minister, but he lost the general election immediately after the so-called "Zinoviev Letter" issue and resigned in November of the same year. In the general election of 1929, the Labour Party won, realizing the first independent Labour Party cabinet, but in 1931, unable to weather the depression, he submitted his resignation. However, he was ordered by the King to form a cabinet, and he led a small number of Labour Party ministers to form a national coalition cabinet (first) with the Conservatives and Liberals, and then formed the second national cabinet in October of the same year. In 1935, he resigned, handing over the position of Prime Minister to S. Baldwin. McDonald's
McDonald, Arthur B. Born August 29, 1943 in Sydney. Canadian physicist. Full name Arthur Bruce McDonald. He studied physics at Dalhousie University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1964 and a master's degree in 1965, and then earned his doctorate at California Institute of Technology in 1969. He was a researcher at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory in Canada and a professor at Princeton University in the United States, and has been a professor at Queen's University since 1989 and a professor emeritus at the same university since 2013. He established the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), which contains a tank containing 1,000 tons of heavy water underground in a mine in Sudbury, Canada, and served as director from 1989. He observed all kinds of neutrinos from the sun for seven years. The results, published in 2001, showed that two-thirds of the electron neutrinos from the sun are transformed into other neutrinos. As a result of this achievement, in 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (→Nobel Prize) along with Takaaki Kajita for clearly demonstrating through experiments observing neutrino oscillations that the extremely small elementary particle neutrino has mass. McDonald's
MacDonald, Ranald Born: February 3, 1824, Fort George, Oregon
[Died] August 5, 1894. Ferry County, Washington. An American explorer of North American Indian descent. In 1845, he boarded a whaling ship in an attempt to travel to Japan, and in 1848, he boarded a boat near the coast of Japan and landed near Rishiri Island in Hokkaido. He was captured and transported to Nagasaki, where he taught English to 14 Dutch interpreters, including Moriyama Takichirō (Einosuke) and Hori Tatsunosuke, who served as interpreters when Perry arrived. In 1849, he left Nagasaki on the American ship Preble. He later lived a wandering life in China, India, Australia, Canada, and the United States. His autobiography, "Ranald MacDonald" (1923), was co-edited by W. Lewis and Murakami Naojirō. McDonald's
Macdonald, George Born: December 10, 1824. Huntly, Aberdeen.
[Died] September 18, 1905. Ashtead, Surrey. British children's author and poet. Born in Scotland. Studied at Aberdeen University, became a Congregationalist minister, and published Christian allegorical poems and fairy tales. His major works include The Light Princess (1867), At the Back of the North Wind (70), The Princess and the Goblin (71), The Princess and Curdie (82), etc. McDonald's
McDonald, William Joseph Born June 17, 1904 in Kilkenny, Ireland
[Died] January 7, 1989, San Francisco American philosopher and Catholic priest. He served as professor of philosophy (1940-67), vice president (1954-57), and president (1957-67) at the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, and was president of the International Federation of Catholic Universities from 1960 to 1963. He moved to San Francisco in 1967 and served as auxiliary bishop of the San Francisco Diocese. His research includes the social value of property according to St. Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosophy and contemporary social issues, and human beings and the economy. McDonald's
Macdonald, Flora Born 1722. South Uist, Hebrides
[Died] March 5, 1790. A heroine of the Jacobites of the Isle of Skye, Scotland. After the minor pretender CE Stuart (grandson of James II) invaded England from Scotland in 1745 and was defeated at the Battle of Culloden (1746), she helped him escape to France, and was briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London herself. Later she married A. MacDonald. (→ The Rebellion of '45) McDonald's
MacDonald, Caroline [Born] 1874
[Died] 1931
First general secretary of the Japan YMCA. Born in Canada, he came to Japan in 1904 as a secretary of the World YMCA and contributed to the establishment of the YMCA in Japan, becoming its first general secretary (1904). He taught at the Tsuda English School, and returned to Japan 20 years later, where he contributed to the establishment of the Shinrinkan and the protection of exonerees. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
