Born January 11, 1885 in Moorestown, New Jersey. [Died] July 9, 1977. Moorestown, New Jersey. American women's liberation activist. A leader in the women's suffrage movement, she was the first woman in the United States to campaign for a constitutional amendment to grant equal rights to men and women. She grew up in a Quaker family. After graduating from Swarthmore College in 1905, she studied social work in New York. She then went to England and was involved in the settlement movement from 1906 to 1909, during which time she was imprisoned three times for inciting the women's suffrage movement. She continued her studies at universities in Birmingham and London, and earned her master's degree in 1907 and her doctorate in 1912 from the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. After returning to the United States, she used radical tactics to appeal to the federal government for a constitutional amendment to grant women's suffrage. In 1912, she became the chairperson of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), but there was a difference in direction, and in 1913, she founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (CUWS) (renamed the National Woman's Party in 1917) with a group of like-minded radicals. She organized demonstrations, protests at the White House, and rallies, but her actions were so extreme that she was imprisoned more than three times before the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920. She received her law degree from the American University in 1922, her master's degree in 1927, and her doctorate in 1928. In 1923, she drafted the first amendment on equal rights for men and women, which was submitted to Congress but not passed. She gained success in the 1920s and 1930s, and was instrumental in winning support for the women's rights movement from the League of Nations. She served as chair of the Women's Research Foundation (WRF) from 1927 to 1937, and in 1938 founded the World Party for Equal Rights for Women (World Women's Party), based in Geneva, Switzerland. She continued to argue that many of the world's problems were due to women's lack of a voice in politics. In 1942, she was elected chairwoman of the National Woman's Party and continued to work on women's rights, particularly the proposal for an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution. She also lobbied for a reference to equal rights for men and women in the preamble to the United Nations Charter and in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (→ Feminism) pole |
[生]1885.1.11. ニュージャージー,ムーアズタウン [没]1977.7.9. ニュージャージー,ムーアズタウン アメリカ合衆国の女性解放論者。女性参政権運動の指導者で,アメリカで初めて男女同権に関する憲法修正の運動を行なった。クェーカー教徒の家庭で育つ。1905年にスワースモア大学を卒業後,ニューヨークで社会福祉を学ぶ。その後イギリスに渡って 1906~09年セツルメント運動に携わり,その間女性参政権運動を扇動したとして 3度投獄された。バーミンガムとロンドンの大学で研究を続け,アメリカのペンシルバニア大学で 1907年に修士号,1912年に博士号を取得した。アメリカに戻ってからは,過激な戦法で,連邦政府に対して女性参政権を定める憲法修正案の必要性を説いた。1912年全米女性参政権協会 NAWSAの議長に就任したが,方向性に相違があり,1913年には同志の過激派グループと「女性参政権のための議会連合」CUWS(1917全国女性党に改称)を設立した。デモ,ホワイトハウスでの抗議行動,決起集会などを組織したが,行動が過激だったため,1920年のアメリカ合衆国憲法修正第19条の批准までに 3回以上投獄された。1922年にアメリカン大学で法律の学位をとり,1927年に修士号,1928年に博士号を取得した。1923年,初の男女平等の権利に関する修正案(→男女平等権憲法修正案)を起草し連邦議会に提出したが可決されなかった。1920年代,1930年代に運動の実績を積み,国際連盟から女性の権利運動への支持をとりつけることに尽力した。1927~37年には女性研究財団 WRFの議長となり,1938年にはスイスのジュネーブに本拠地を置く,女性の権利平等のための世界党(世界女性党)を創設した。その後も,世界の問題の多くは,政治の世界で女性に発言権がないためであるという主張を繰り返した。1942年に全国女性党の議長に選任され,女性の権利,特に合衆国憲法の男女の権利平等の修正案について活動を続けた。国連憲章の序文や,1964年の公民権法においても,男女同権への言及を求めて働きかけた。(→フェミニズム) ポール
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