Paul, Alice

Japanese: ポール(英語表記)Paul, Alice
Paul, Alice
Born January 11, 1885 in Moorestown, New Jersey.
[Died] July 9, 1977. Moorestown, New Jersey. American women's liberation activist. A leader in the women's suffrage movement, she was the first woman in the United States to campaign for a constitutional amendment to grant equal rights to men and women. She grew up in a Quaker family. After graduating from Swarthmore College in 1905, she studied social work in New York. She then went to England and was involved in the settlement movement from 1906 to 1909, during which time she was imprisoned three times for inciting the women's suffrage movement. She continued her studies at universities in Birmingham and London, and earned her master's degree in 1907 and her doctorate in 1912 from the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. After returning to the United States, she used radical tactics to appeal to the federal government for a constitutional amendment to grant women's suffrage. In 1912, she became the chairperson of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), but there was a difference in direction, and in 1913, she founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (CUWS) (renamed the National Woman's Party in 1917) with a group of like-minded radicals. She organized demonstrations, protests at the White House, and rallies, but her actions were so extreme that she was imprisoned more than three times before the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920. She received her law degree from the American University in 1922, her master's degree in 1927, and her doctorate in 1928. In 1923, she drafted the first amendment on equal rights for men and women, which was submitted to Congress but not passed. She gained success in the 1920s and 1930s, and was instrumental in winning support for the women's rights movement from the League of Nations. She served as chair of the Women's Research Foundation (WRF) from 1927 to 1937, and in 1938 founded the World Party for Equal Rights for Women (World Women's Party), based in Geneva, Switzerland. She continued to argue that many of the world's problems were due to women's lack of a voice in politics. In 1942, she was elected chairwoman of the National Woman's Party and continued to work on women's rights, particularly the proposal for an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution. She also lobbied for a reference to equal rights for men and women in the preamble to the United Nations Charter and in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (→ Feminism)

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Paul, Les

Born June 9, 1915 in Waukesha, Wisconsin
[Died] August 13, 2009. White Plains, New York. American guitarist and inventor. Real name Lester Polfuss. In 1941, he invented the solid-body electric guitar, which would later be called the Gibson Les Paul and was used by Eric Clapton and others. He was active as a country and western and jazz musician in the 1930s and 1940s. In the 1950s, he invented the 8-track tape recorder and developed multi-track recording technology. In 1977, he won a Grammy Award for Chester and Lester (1976), a collaboration with Chet Atkins. In 2006, two songs from the tribute album American Made World Played (2005) won Grammy Awards. Even after turning 90, he continued to perform live, playing weekly at jazz clubs in New York. He was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1978, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988, and the Inventors Hall of Fame in 2005. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 2007.

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Pohl, Frederik

Born: November 26, 1919, New York, New York
[Died] September 2, 2013. Arlington Heights, Illinois. American author. Full name Frederik George Pohl. He used science fiction to criticize society and explore the long-term effects of science and technology on a sick society. He dropped out of high school, but by the age of 20, he was involved in editing a science fiction magazine. In the late 1930s, he joined the Futurians, a group of science fiction enthusiasts. Other members of the group included Isaac Asimov and C. M. Kornbluth, who would later collaborate with Pohl. In 1953, he published The Space Merchants, co-written with Kornbluth. This work was inspired by his experience working at an advertising agency and is considered his masterpiece. Other works he has won include Man Plus (1976, Nebula Award), Gateway (1977, Nebula Award and Hugo Award), and JEM (1980, National Book Award). In 1998, he was inducted into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.

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Pole, Reginald

Born: March 1500, Staffordshire
[Died] November 17, 1558. Lambeth Archbishop of Canterbury, England. Son of Edward IV's niece. Ordained in 1518, studied abroad on the continent in 1521. Returned to England in 1523 and became Archbishop of Exeter. Opposed Henry VIII's divorce in 1532, and fled to the continent in 1536 when the Pope and the King finally broke down. He became a cardinal in Rome in the same year. He presided over the Council of Trent in 1545 and made great efforts in the reform of Catholicism. He was nominated as a candidate for the Pope in 1546, but lost the election and retired. Returned to England as a papal nuncio in 1554 after Mary ascended to the throne (1553). In 1556, he became Archbishop of Canterbury as the successor to T. Cranmer, and promoted the Catholicization of the Church of England. However, due to conflict with France, he was dismissed as a papal nuncio the following year, and was summoned to Rome, but died of illness shortly after the death of the Queen.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1885.1.11. ニュージャージー,ムーアズタウン
[没]1977.7.9. ニュージャージー,ムーアズタウン
アメリカ合衆国の女性解放論者。女性参政権運動の指導者で,アメリカで初めて男女同権に関する憲法修正の運動を行なった。クェーカー教徒の家庭で育つ。1905年にスワースモア大学を卒業後,ニューヨークで社会福祉を学ぶ。その後イギリスに渡って 1906~09年セツルメント運動に携わり,その間女性参政権運動を扇動したとして 3度投獄された。バーミンガムとロンドンの大学で研究を続け,アメリカのペンシルバニア大学で 1907年に修士号,1912年に博士号を取得した。アメリカに戻ってからは,過激な戦法で,連邦政府に対して女性参政権を定める憲法修正案の必要性を説いた。1912年全米女性参政権協会 NAWSAの議長に就任したが,方向性に相違があり,1913年には同志の過激派グループと「女性参政権のための議会連合」CUWS(1917全国女性党に改称)を設立した。デモ,ホワイトハウスでの抗議行動,決起集会などを組織したが,行動が過激だったため,1920年のアメリカ合衆国憲法修正第19条の批准までに 3回以上投獄された。1922年にアメリカン大学で法律の学位をとり,1927年に修士号,1928年に博士号を取得した。1923年,初の男女平等の権利に関する修正案(→男女平等権憲法修正案)を起草し連邦議会に提出したが可決されなかった。1920年代,1930年代に運動の実績を積み,国際連盟から女性の権利運動への支持をとりつけることに尽力した。1927~37年には女性研究財団 WRFの議長となり,1938年にはスイスのジュネーブに本拠地を置く,女性の権利平等のための世界党(世界女性党)を創設した。その後も,世界の問題の多くは,政治の世界で女性に発言権がないためであるという主張を繰り返した。1942年に全国女性党の議長に選任され,女性の権利,特に合衆国憲法の男女の権利平等の修正案について活動を続けた。国連憲章の序文や,1964年の公民権法においても,男女同権への言及を求めて働きかけた。(→フェミニズム)

ポール
Paul, Les

[生]1915.6.9. ウィスコンシン,ウォーキショー
[没]2009.8.13. ニューヨーク,ホワイトプレーンズ
アメリカ合衆国のギタリスト,発明家。本名 Lester Polfuss。1941年,のちに「ギブソン・レスポール」と呼ばれ,エリック・クラプトンらが愛用したソリッドボディの電気ギター(エレキ・ギター)を考案した。1930~40年代はカントリー・アンド・ウェスタンやジャズのミュージシャンとして活躍。1950年代に 8トラックのテープレコーダを発明,多重録音技術を開発した。1977年,チェット・アトキンズとの共作『チェスター&レスター』Chester and Lester(1976)でグラミー賞受賞。2006年にもトリビュートアルバム『アメリカン・メイド・ワールド・プレイド』American Made World Played(2005)から 2曲がグラミー賞受賞。90歳を過ぎてもライブを続け,毎週ニューヨークのジャズクラブで演奏した。1978年グラミーの殿堂入り,1988年ロックの殿堂入り,2005年発明家の殿堂入りを果たした。2007年全米芸術勲章受章。

ポール
Pohl, Frederik

[生]1919.11.26. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
[没]2013.9.2. イリノイ,アーリントンハイツ
アメリカ合衆国の作家。フルネーム Frederik George Pohl。SFという手法を用いて社会を批判し,病める社会における科学技術の長期的な影響を模索した。高校を中退したが,20歳の頃には SF雑誌の編集に携わっていた。1930年代後半に SFの愛好者団体フューチャリアンズに参加。同団体にはアイザック・アシモフや,のちにポールと共作する C.M.コーンブルースも所属していた。1953年,コーンブルースとの共著『宇宙商人』The Space Merchantsを発表。これは広告代理店で働いた経験から着想を得た作品で,代表作といわれている。ほかに,『マン・プラス』Man Plus(1976,ネビュラ賞),『ゲイトウエイ』Gateway(1977,ネビュラ賞,ヒューゴー賞),『JEM』(1980,全米図書賞)など。1998年に SF・ファンタジーの殿堂入りを果たした。

ポール
Pole, Reginald

[生]1500.3. スタッフォードシャー
[没]1558.11.17. ランベス
イギリス,カンタベリー大司教。エドワード4世の姪の子。 1518年聖職につき,1521年大陸へ留学。 1523年帰国し,エクセター司祭長となった。 1532年ヘンリー8世の離婚に反対し,1536年教皇と王の最終的決裂の際大陸に逃れ,同年ローマで枢機卿となった。 1545年トリエント公会議を主宰し,カトリックの改革に尽力した。 1546年教皇候補にあげられたが選挙に敗れ引退。メアリーの即位 (1553) により 1554年教皇使節として帰国。 1556年 T.クランマーの後任としてカンタベリー大司教となり,国教会のカトリック化を促進した。しかしフランスとの対立により翌年教皇使節を罷免され,ローマへ召喚されようとしたが,女王の死去の直後に病死。

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