Gneiss - Henmagan (English spelling) gneiss, gneuss, kneiss

Japanese: 片麻岩 - へんまがん(英語表記)gneiss, gneuss, kneiss
Gneiss - Henmagan (English spelling) gneiss, gneuss, kneiss
The word is probably of Slavic origin, and was first described by Agricola in 1561 as the name given by the Saxon miners to the host rock of metal-bearing veins in the Erzgebirge. The name was then used in various ways, but Bergman defined it as a banded rock of quartz, mica, clay or steatite in 1784. Werner defined it as a foliated rock of feldspar, quartz and mica in 1787, and it was later established as the name of a metamorphic rock. Today, gneiss is a heterogeneous, cryptocrystalline, generally feldspar-rich, foliated or banded cryptocrystalline metamorphic rock with predominant felsic granular minerals and predominant mafic schistose minerals arranged alternately in lenses or bands. In schist, the mineral composition is roughly the same in every part of the rock, but in gneiss, granular and schist-like parts are arranged alternately [Zirkel: 1893]. Gneiss is a rock with a medium to coarse grained gneiss structure, which occurs in metamorphic belts over a wide period and region, and is called by the name of the characteristic metamorphic mineral, for example, garnet-sillimanite gneiss. It is not necessary for the rock to be feldspathic, granitic, dioritic, etc., but since it is used for metamorphic rocks, it is called granitic gneiss, gabbroic geniss, etc. according to the rock composition, and banded gneiss if the structure is characteristic. The name of the sedimentary rock may be added to the prefix [Becke: 1880] or suffix [Van Hise: 1904] to indicate the parent rock. Gneiss that has residual porphyritic texture is called Augen gneiss, gneiss with igneous rock as parent rock is called orthogneiss, and gneiss with sedimentary rock as parent rock is called paragneiss. Generally, gneiss is paragneiss.
Depending on the shape of the leuco- and melano-phases, gneiss is classified as streaky gneiss, veined gneiss, agmatitic geniss, wavy gneiss, homogeneous geniss, small folded geniss, and nebulitic gneiss [Berthelsen: 1960, Bowes: 1989]. The name gneiss is said to be derived from the German word gneis (spark, flash) and its use as a flint [Utashiro et al.: 1978]. The word gneiss was translated as gneiss in the dictionary of 1874 (Meiji 7) by Miyazato Masashige. Shi Ya (1921) of Zhang Hongzhao in China states that there is a rock called maishi in China, and that the name was given in Japan to the type with schistosity [Utayo et al.: 1978].

Source: Asakura Publishing Dictionary of Petrology Information

Japanese:
語源はおそらくスラブ語で,エルツ山地(Erzgebirge)でザクセンの鉱山の人々が金属を含む脈の母岩につけた名称であって,アグリコラが最初に記述した[Agricola : 1561].その後この名称は様々な意味で使用されたが,ベルグマンが石英,雲母,粘土またはステアタイトでできた縞状の岩石とした[Bergman : 1784].ウェルナーは長石,石英,雲母からなる葉状構造の岩石と定義し[Werner : 1787],その後変成岩の名称として確立した.現在では片麻岩は不均質,顕晶質で一般に長石に富み,葉状あるいは縞状の顕晶質の変成岩で,フェルシックな粒状の鉱物の卓越した部分と,マフィックな片状の鉱物の卓越した部分が,それぞれレンズや縞にまとまって交互に配列した岩石.片岩では岩石のどの部分でも大体同様の鉱物組成であるが,片麻岩では粒状と片状の部分が交互に配列している[Zirkel : 1893].片麻岩は中粒から粗粒の片麻状構造を持つ岩石で,広い時代と地域にわたって変成帯に産出し,特徴的な変成鉱物の名前を冠して強調し,たとえば石榴石珪線石片麻岩などと呼ばれている.また長石質,花崗岩質,閃緑岩質などである必要はなく,変成岩に用いられているので,岩石の組成と関連させて花崗岩質片麻岩(granitic gneiss),斑糲(はんれい)岩質片麻岩(gabbroic geniss)といい,構造が特徴的であれば縞状片麻岩(banded gneiss)などと呼ぶ.堆積岩の名前を接頭語[Becke : 1880]あるいは接尾語[Van Hise : 1904]に付けて原岩を示す場合がある.残斑状組織があるものを眼球片麻岩(Augen gneiss)といい,火成岩を原岩とするものを正片麻岩(orthogneiss),堆積岩を原岩とするものを准片麻岩(paragneiss)という.一般に片麻岩というのは准片麻岩である.
片麻岩の優白質と優黒質の形状によって,条線状片麻岩(streaky gneiss),脈状片麻岩(veined gneiss),アグマタイト片麻岩(agmatitic geniss),波状片麻岩(wavy gneiss),均質片麻岩(homogeneous geniss),小褶曲片麻岩(small folded geniss),星雲状片麻岩(nebulitic gneiss)などに分類されている[Berthelsen : 1960, Bowes : 1989].片麻岩の名称については,ドイツ語のgneis(火花,閃光)などから火打石としての用法に由来しているという考えがある[歌代ほか : 1978].片麻岩の語は宮里正静は1874年(明治7年)の辞書にgneissの訳として片麻岩(さんばいし)とある.中国の章鴻釗(しょう)の石雅(1921) では麻石という岩石の名が中国にあり,その片理のあるものに日本で命名したとされている[歌代ほか : 1978].

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