Beaumarchais - Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais

Japanese: ボーマルシェ - ぼーまるしぇ(英語表記)Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais
Beaumarchais - Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais

French author and playwright. Born in Paris as the son of a watchmaker. At a young age, he taught the harp to the queens of Louis XV, and thanks to his patron Paris-Duverney (1684-1770), he rose to prominence in Parisian society.

[Shinichi Ichikawa]

A turbulent life

He gained fame when he published Memoirs (1774-75), an indictment against the bribed judge Goëzmon during a dispute over his inheritance with La Blache, the heir to his patron. This book not only exposed the unfairness of the trial, but was written entirely in elegant prose, making Beaumarchais' literary name known throughout the world. In his early years, Beaumarchais was in sympathy with Diderot's theory of the bourgeois theatre, and published plays in line with this theory, such as Eugénie (1767) and Two Amigos (1770), but both were failures.

His success as a playwright began with the performance of The Barber of Seville (1775), which he reworked from a five-act play to a four-act prose comedy, and his sequel to the previous work, The Marriage of Figaro (1784), which passed several rounds of censorship before being performed, established his status as a playwright. These plays are characterized by their quick and skillful plot development, which reflects his genius, and furthermore, the fact that the servants (Figaros) and maids, who had previously been content with supporting roles, overwhelm their masters with their cleverness is also thought to represent the claims of the Third Estate, who suffered under the oppression of the privileged class.

In 1792 he published The Guilty Mother, which was meant to form a trilogy with his previous two plays, but it failed as he reverted to "tearjerking" plays.

As mentioned above, Beaumarchais left a first-class legacy as a literary figure, but when the American independence movement began in 1775, he worked hard as a secret government envoy, procuring weapons to support the independence forces. He also had the right to authorship recognized, which was not legally established at the time, and founded a literary society, and in 1781 he published the complete works of Voltaire (the Kehl edition) at his own expense.

When the French Revolution broke out, he incurred the public's ire because he owned a mansion in front of the Bastille prison, and went into exile in Hamburg for a time. He was allowed to return to France in 1796, but he died in Paris in 1799, still without payment from the Americans for the weapons he had provided to the independence army.

[Shinichi Ichikawa]

"The Barber of Seville, translated by Shindo Seiichi (Iwanami Bunko)""The Marriage of Figaro, translated by Tatsuno Takashi (Iwanami Bunko)""Marivaux/Beaumarchais Masterpieces, translated by Obase Takuzo et al. (1977, Hakusuisha)""The Establishment of French Philosophical Drama, by Saito Kazuhiro (1950, Waseda University Press)""Beaumarchais and the French Revolution, by Tatsuno Takashi (1962, Chikuma Shobo)"

[References] | The Barber of Seville | The Marriage of Figaro

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの作家、劇作家。時計師の息子としてパリに生まれる。若くしてルイ15世の王妃たちにハープを教え、庇護(ひご)者パリ・デュベルネParis-Duverney(1684―1770)のおかげでパリの社交界入りを果たした。

[市川慎一]

波瀾の生涯

彼の名を一躍有名にしたのは、庇護者の相続人ラ・ブラーシュLa Blacheと遺産相続を争った際に、買収された判事ゲーズマンGoëzmonを弾劾する『備忘録』(1774~75)を刊行したときだった。この書は不正裁判を暴いているだけではなく、全編が格調の高い散文で書かれていたために、ボーマルシェの文名が天下にとどろくこととなった。文学上では、初期のボーマルシェはディドロの市民劇理論に共鳴し、自らもその主張に沿った戯曲『ウージェニ』(1767)や『二人の友』(1770)を発表するが、いずれも失敗に終わった。

 彼が劇作家として成功を収めるのは、初め五幕物だったのを四幕散文喜劇に改作した『セビーリャの理髪師』(1775)の上演からで、以後何回かの検閲を経て上演の運びとなった、前作の続編『フィガロの結婚』(1784)により、劇作家として不動の地位を築くに至った。これらの戯曲にみられる特徴は、その才人ぶりを反映するかのように、迅速で巧みな筋の運びにあるといわれ、さらに、従来は脇役(わきやく)に甘んじていた下僕(フィガロ)や侍女がその知略により主人を圧倒する点で、彼らは特権階級の圧制に苦しんだ第三身分の主張を代弁しているとも考えられている。

 1792年には、前の二作と三部作をなすはずだった戯曲『罪ある母』を発表したが、「お涙ちょうだい劇」に戻って失敗した。

 以上のように、文学者としても一流の仕事を残したボーマルシェであるが、1775年アメリカ独立運動が始まると、独立軍側を援助するため、政府の密使として武器の調達などで奔走した。また、当時、法的に確立していなかった作家の著作権を認めさせ、文芸協会を設立したり、81年からは私財をなげうってボルテールの全集(ケール版)を刊行したりした。

 フランス革命が勃発(ぼっぱつ)すると、バスティーユ刑務所前に豪邸を有していたことから一般の反感を買い、一時ハンブルクに亡命した。1796年に帰仏を許されるが、独立軍に供与した武器代金もアメリカ側から未払いのまま、99年にパリで他界した。

[市川慎一]

『進藤誠一訳『セヴィラの理髪師』(岩波文庫)』『辰野隆訳『フィガロの結婚』(岩波文庫)』『小場瀬卓三他訳『マリヴォー/ボーマルシェ名作集』(1977・白水社)』『斎藤一寛著『フランス思想劇の成立』(1950・早稲田大学出版部)』『辰野隆著『ボーマルシェとフランス革命』(1962・筑摩書房)』

[参照項目] | セビーリャの理髪師 | フィガロの結婚

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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