1700-21: War between Russia and Sweden over control of the Baltic Sea. Denmark-Norway, Poland, and Saxony sided with Russia, and from 1714 Prussia and Hanover joined the Russian side. Peter the Great, defeated by the Swedish army at the Battle of Narva in November 1700, seized the fortress of Norteburg the following year, and in 1703 built St. Petersburg at the mouth of the Neva River, making it his base on the Baltic Sea. In 1708, the Swedish army led by Charles XII defeated Saxony and Poland, which had sided with Russia, and attempted to advance towards Moscow, but was counterattacked by the Russian army under Peter I and retreated south. Charles XII allied with I. Mazepa, leader of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and attempted to attack Russia again, but suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Poltava in July 1709. In 1910, Russian forces occupied Riga, Reberg (Tallinn), Vyborg, and other cities, and in 1914, they defeated a Swedish fleet and seized control of the Baltic Sea. In 1920, the Russians attempted to advance on Stockholm, forcing Sweden to make peace, and the Treaty of Nystad was signed on September 10, 1921. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
1700~21年バルト海の支配権をめぐるロシアとスウェーデンとの戦争。デンマーク=ノルウェー,ポーランド,ザクセンがロシア側につき,14年からはプロシア,ハノーバーもロシア側に参加。 1700年 11月ナルバの戦いでスウェーデン軍に敗北したピョートル1世 (大帝)は,翌年にはノーテブルグの要塞を奪い,03年にはネバ河口にペテルブルグを建設,バルト海への根拠地とした。カルル 12世に率いられたスウェーデン軍は 08年ロシアに味方したザクセンとポーランドを破り,モスクワへ進出しようとしたが,ピョートル1世指揮下のロシア軍の反撃にあって南下。カルル 12世はウクライナ・コサックの頭目 I.マゼーパと結んで再びロシアを攻撃しようとしたが,09年7月ポルタバの戦いで決定的な敗北をこうむった。 10年ロシア軍はリガ,レーベリ (タリン) ,ブイボルグなどを占領,14年にはスウェーデンの艦隊を破ってバルト海の制海権を奪取した。 20年ロシア軍がストックホルムに進撃しようとしたので,スウェーデン側は講和のやむなきにいたり,21年9月 10日ニスタットの和約が締結された。
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