Hawthorne, Nathaniel

Japanese: ホーソーン（英語表記）Hawthorne， Nathaniel

Born July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts.
Died May 19, 1864 in Plymouth, New Hampshire. American novelist. Born into an old Puritan family, he graduated from the prestigious Bowdoin College in Maine and spent his time writing in solitude in his hometown. In 1828, he anonymously self-published his first novel, Fanshawe, but later collected it himself. In the 1830s and 1840s, he published many excellent short stories in various magazines. His main works include "My Kinsman" (Major Molineux) (1832), a beautiful depiction of a boy's awakening to life, "Young Goodman Brown" (35), a nightmare tale set against the backdrop of the witch hunts of the 17th century, and "The Birthmark" (43), which deals with the crime and punishment of a scientist who challenges the limits of humanity. Later, he was collected into several short story collections, including "Twice-Told Tales" (37, expanded 42), and many of his works symbolically depict the dark side of human consciousness, such as original sin and loneliness. However, his life was not necessarily easy, and he worked at the customs house in Boston and Salem for a time. In 1950, he published The Scarlet Letter, a full-length novel that brought him instant recognition. He then published The House of the Seven Gables (51), which depicts the sins and curses of a Salem mansion, and the hope of salvation, and The Blithedale Romance (52), which was modeled on Brook Farm, a utopian movement with which he had been involved. He served as consul in Liverpool from 1953 to 1957, and stayed in Italy. In 1960, he published his last full-length novel, The Marble Faun, set in Italy and dealing with the theme of sin and the resulting improvement of humanity, before returning to the United States. In America, which had a short history, he advocated and practiced the idea that romance, which constructs a world of fiction that uses the imagination and is one step removed from reality, is more appropriate than novels, which realistically depict reality as it is, and he had a great influence on later American novels with his deep psychological insights.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1804.7.4. マサチューセッツ，セーレム
[没]1864.5.19. ニューハンプシャー，プリマス
アメリカの小説家。ピューリタンの古い家系に生れ，メーン州の名門ボードゥン大学卒業後，故郷で孤独な創作に従事。 1828年処女小説『ファンショー』 Fanshaweを匿名で自費出版したが，みずから回収する。 30～40年代には，各種雑誌にすぐれた短編小説を発表。一人の少年の人生への開眼をみごとに描いた「ぼくの縁者モリノー少佐」 My Kinsman，Major Molineux (1832) ，17世紀の魔女狩りを背景にした夢魔的な物語「若いグッドマン・ブラウン」 Young Goodman Brown (35) ，人間の限界に挑戦する科学者の罪と罰を扱う「あざ」 The Birthmark (43) などがそのおもなものであり，のちに『トワイス・トールド・テールズ』 Twice-Told Tales (37，増補 42) その他いくつかの短編集にまとめられるが，原罪，孤独など人間の意識の暗い面を象徴的に描いた作品が多い。しかし生活は必ずしも楽ではなく，ボストンやセーレムの税関に勤めた時期もある。 50年に長編『緋文字』 The Scarlet Letterを出版，一躍認められ，以後セーレムの屋敷にまつわる罪と呪い，救いの希望を描いた『七破風の家』 The House of the Seven Gables (51) ，作家みずから関係したことがあるユートピア運動「ブルック・ファーム」をモデルにした『ブライズデール・ロマンス』 The Blithedale Romance (52) を発表する。 53～57年にはリバプールの領事をつとめ，イタリアにも滞在し，60年にイタリアを舞台に罪とそれによる人間の向上をテーマにした最後の長編『大理石の牧羊神』 The Marble Faunを出版し，帰国。歴史の浅いアメリカでは，現実をそのまま写実的に描写する「小説」よりも，現実から一歩離れたところに想像力を働かせた作品世界を構築するロマンスが適することを主張，実践し，その深層心理的洞察とともに後代のアメリカ小説に多大の影響を与えた。

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