Maternal inheritance

Japanese: 母性遺伝 - ぼせいいでん(英語表記)maternal inheritance
Maternal inheritance

A phenomenon in which factors other than chromosomes, mainly those in the cytoplasm, are transmitted to offspring through female gametes (eggs, etc.). There are two types of this. One is the maternal effect, in which factors stored in the cytoplasm of the egg by the mother's genes are transmitted to the fertilized egg. This effect is limited to the early developmental stage of the fertilized egg, and as development progresses, various traits are controlled by the embryo's own genes. In silkworms, the black-colored strain called overwintering eggs is the norm, but there is also a brown strain called primary brown eggs. When a brown-egg female is crossed with a normal black-egg male, the first hybrid will produce brown eggs, and in this reverse cross, the first hybrid will produce normal black eggs. In both crosses, the second hybrid will produce normal black eggs. In this cross, the normal black eggs are dominant to the brown eggs, and in the first hybrid, the phenotype will be the same as the female parent's genotype, even though both genes are heterozygous. In other words, in the first generation of hybrids, the mother's genes are transmitted to the first generation through the cytoplasm and are expressed in the traits. The other type is cytoplasmic inheritance, in which genes present in mitochondria or plasmids in the cytoplasm are transmitted to the offspring through the female gametes. Examples of this include variegation in corn and soybeans. The male sterility of corn and onions is also transmitted to offspring through the cytoplasm of the endosperm of the mother plant, and is not controlled by chromosomal genes in the nucleus. Mitochondria in the cytoplasm also contain genetic DNA and are involved in the energy production of cells. Human mitochondria contain circular DNA, and in 1981 the sequence of all 16,569 bases of this mitochondrial DNA was determined. Since most mitochondria are transmitted from the mother to offspring through the cytoplasm of the egg, research is being conducted to trace the origin and evolution of human beings by examining changes in the base sequence of mitochondrial DNA.

[Kuroda Yukiaki]

"Regulation of Plant Life Cycles" edited by Nobutaka Takahashi (1990, University of Tokyo Press) " "Where did mitochondria come from? - Tracing life back 4 billion years" by Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa (2000, Japan Broadcasting Publishing Association) "Mitochondria Mystery - The Amazing Function of Cell Organelles" by Junichi Hayashi (2002, Kodansha)

[Reference] | Genetic traits | Gene | Genotype | Silkworm | Traits | Sex-limited inheritance | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasmic inheritance | Sex-linked inheritance | Chromosome | Soybean | DNA | Maize | Gametes | Sex-linked inheritance | Phenotype | Plasmid | Heterozygous | Homozygous | Mitochondria | Mitochondrial DNA | Dominant | Recessive

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

染色体以外の主として細胞質内の因子が雌性配偶子(卵など)を通じて子孫に伝わる現象。これには2種類あって、その一つは、母親の遺伝子により卵子の細胞質中に蓄えられた因子が受精卵に伝えられる母性効果maternal effectで、その効果は受精卵の発生初期のみに限られ、発生が進むと胚(はい)自身の遺伝子によって種々の形質が支配される。カイコでは、越年卵という黒色の系統が普通であるが、褐色をした第一褐卵brownという系統がある。褐色卵の雌と正常の黒色卵の雄とを交配すると、雑種第一代は褐色卵となり、この逆交配では、雑種第一代は正常の黒色卵となる。雑種第二代はどちらの交配でも全部正常の黒色卵となる。この交配では正常黒色卵は褐色卵に対して優性であり、雑種第一代では、遺伝子型は両方の遺伝子がヘテロであるにもかかわらず、表現型は雌親の遺伝子型と同じになる。つまり、雑種第一代では母親の遺伝子が細胞質を通じて雑種第一代に伝わり、その形質に現れる。もう一つは、細胞質内のミトコンドリアやプラスミドに存在する遺伝子が雌性配偶子を通じて子に伝えられる細胞質遺伝cytoplasmic inheritanceである。この例としては、トウモロコシやダイズの斑(ふ)入りなどがある。またトウモロコシやタマネギの雄性殖不能という性質も母植物の胚乳の細胞質を通じて子孫に伝えられ、核の染色体遺伝子によっては支配されない。細胞質の中のミトコンドリアにも遺伝子DNAが存在し、細胞のエネルギー生産に関与する。ヒトのミトコンドリアには、環状のDNAがあり、1981年にこのミトコンドリアDNAの1万6569個の全塩基の配列が決定された。ミトコンドリアは、ほとんどが母親から卵の細胞質を通じて子孫に伝えられるので、ミトコンドリアDNAの塩基配列の変化を調べて、人類の起源、進化の過程をたどる研究も行われている。

[黒田行昭]

『高橋信孝編『植物生活環の調節』(1990・東京大学出版会)』『黒岩常祥著『ミトコンドリアはどこからきたか――生命40億年を遡る』(2000・日本放送出版協会)』『林純一著『ミトコンドリア・ミステリー――驚くべき細胞小器官の働き』(2002・講談社)』

[参照項目] | 遺伝形質 | 遺伝子 | 遺伝子型 | カイコ | 形質 | 限性遺伝 | 細胞質 | 細胞質遺伝 | 従性遺伝 | 染色体 | ダイズ | DNA | トウモロコシ | 配偶子 | 伴性遺伝 | 表現型 | プラスミド | ヘテロ | ホモ | ミトコンドリア | ミトコンドリアDNA | 優性 | 劣性

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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