Matrilineal system - Bokeisei

Japanese: 母系制 - ぼけいせい
Matrilineal system - Bokeisei

A society in which the right to belong to a kinship category or kinship group is inherited through the mother and in which such matrilineal descent groups have important social and political functions is called a matrilineal society. Matrilineal systems have often been confused with matriarchal systems, but as far as the location of authority and power is concerned, even in matrilineal systems, it is usually held by the men of the group. There are various different forms of matrilineal systems, but broadly speaking, three types can be distinguished.

The first type was realized in a rather extreme way by the Indian caste group Nayar, where all the members of the matrilineal lineage belonged to one residential unit. The women of the lineage were under the direct control of their brothers, and their husbands did not live with them and played no significant role other than visiting them occasionally to impregnate them. He had no right to domestic services from his wife, but in return he had no responsibility for her or her children. The second type was found in the Yao society of Malawi, where the men of the matrilineal lineage married out of the household, but the women lived together in one village and were controlled by the eldest brother, who was the only one of the brothers to marry, and the other men left him in charge of the women of the lineage and their children, and played the role of husbands while being outsiders in other villages and inferior in status. Thus the matrilineal descent group gained control over its successive members at the cost of the dispersion of its male members. The third pattern is seen among the Trobriand Islanders, where women disperse from their natal villages through patrilocal marriages. Their children grow up away from their natal villages, but when they reach a certain age, they leave their parents and return to the villages where their mother's siblings live, that is, their natal villages. In this way, the matrilineal groups of adult males are reunited.

In a matrilineal society, fathers have no legal rights over their children, but rather the mother's brothers have control, and inheritance usually passes from the mother's brothers to the sisters' sons, i.e. from maternal uncles to nephews.

[Mitsuru Hamamoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

親族カテゴリーや親族集団への帰属権が母を通じて継承され、こうした母系出自集団が社会的、政治的に重要な機能をもっているような社会を母系制社会とよぶ。母系制はしばしば母権制と混同されてきたが、権威や権力の所在に関する限り、母系制のもとでもその集団の男性が握っているのが普通である。同じ母系制といってもさまざまに異なった形がみられるが、大別すると三つの型が区別できる。

 第一の型はインドのカースト集団ナヤールがかなり極端な形で実現していたもので、母系リネージの成員が全員一つの居住単位に属しているものである。リネージの女性たちは兄弟の直接の管理下に置かれており、女性たちの夫は、彼女らといっしょに暮らさず、ときどき訪れて彼女を妊娠させる以外にはこれといった役割を演じていなかった。彼は妻から家庭的なサービスを受ける権利もないかわりに、妻や子供に対してなんの責任も負わなかった。第二の型はマラウイのヤオの社会でみられたもので、母系リネージの男たちは、結婚すると妻方居住婚によって婚出してゆくが、女性たちは一つの村にまとまって暮らし、兄弟のうちでただ一人夫方居住婚を行う長兄によって管理された。他の男たちはリネージの女性たちとその子供に対する管理を彼にゆだね、自分たちは他の村々でよそ者として劣った地位に甘んじながら夫としての役割を果たしていた。こうして母系出自集団は、その男性成員の分散という犠牲と引き換えに、その次代の成員に対するコントロールを手に入れることになる。第三の型はトロブリアンド島民の間にみられたもので、女性たちは夫方居住婚により、自らの出自集団の村を離れて分散する。女性たちの子供は、出自集団の村から離れて成長することになるが、ある年齢に達すると親のもとを離れて、母の兄弟が住んでいる村、つまり彼らの出自集団の村に戻ってくる。こうした形で、母系集団の成年に達した男性たちの結集が得られることになる。

 母系制社会では、父親は自分の子供たちに対して法的な権利を有さず、かわって母の兄弟が統制権をもつ。相続も母の兄弟から姉妹の息子へ、つまり母方のおじから甥(おい)へという形をとるのが普通である。

[濱本 満]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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