Radiation shielding

Japanese: 放射線遮蔽 - ほうしゃせんしゃへい
Radiation shielding
This refers to blocking or reducing unnecessary radiation with an object. Methods for protecting against external radiation include increasing the distance from the radiation source, shortening the time spent near the radiation source, and placing a shield between the radiation source and the human body. Shielding is a method of reducing the radiation exposure dose by utilizing the absorption or scattering of radiation by a material, and is a more proactive method than the other two. Shielding is easy because alpha rays from radioactive materials can be stopped by a single sheet of paper. Beta rays, which have energies of 1 to 10 MeV, can be completely absorbed by plastic 0.5 to 10 cm thick. When shielding beta rays, if a material with a high atomic number is used, it will emit X-rays known as bremsstrahlung. X-rays and gamma rays have high penetrating power, so shielding them is not easy. Lead, which is inexpensive and has a high absorption efficiency, has long been used to shield X-rays and gamma rays. When structural strength and heat resistance are required, materials such as tungsten, which has a high atomic number like lead, are used. Shielding of neutrons is complicated because neutrons interact with materials differently depending on their energy. One method is to slow down fast neutrons using a material with a high atomic number such as iron, then slow them down further using a hydrogen-containing substance such as water, turn them into thermal neutrons, and then absorb them using hydrogen or cadmium. The following formula is used for shielding radiation with high penetrating power such as X-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons: D = D0Be - μxHere, D0 is the radiation dose at the point in question when there is no shielding, x is the thickness of the shielding, μ is the linear absorption coefficient for X-rays and gamma rays, and the removal cross section for neutrons, and B is the regeneration coefficient.
→Related topicsRadiation protection

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:
不必要な放射線を,物体で遮ったり,減らすことをいう。体外からの放射線を防護する方法は,線源からの距離を大きくとり,線源の近くに滞留する時間を短くし,さらに線源と人体との間に遮蔽(しゃへい)を置くことである。遮蔽(しゃへい)は,放射線の物質による吸収あるいは散乱を利用して,被曝線量を低減させる方法で,他の二つに比べてより積極的な方法である。放射性物質からのα線は紙1枚で止めることができるので遮蔽(しゃへい)は容易である。1〜10MeVのエネルギーを有するβ線は,0.5〜10cmの厚さのプラスチックで完全に吸収できる。β線を遮蔽(しゃへい)する場合,原子番号の高い物質を用いると,制動放射として知られているX線を放出する。X線,γ線は透過力が大きく,遮蔽(しゃへい)は容易ではない。昔から安価で吸収効率の大きい鉛がX線,γ線の遮蔽(しゃへい)に用いられている。構造上の強度や熱に対する抵抗性を要する場合には,鉛と同様に原子番号の大きいタングステンなどが用いられる。中性子の遮蔽(しゃへい)は,中性子がエネルギーによって物質との相互作用が異なるため複雑である。高速中性子を鉄など原子番号の大きい物質により減速させ,さらに水など水素含有物で減速させ,熱中性子にしてから,水素,カドミウムなどで吸収する方法がある。X線,γ線や中性子など透過力の大きい放射線の遮蔽(しゃへい)に関しては次式が用いられる。 D=D0Be−μxここでD0は遮蔽(しゃへい)がないときの問題とする点での放射線の線量,xは遮蔽(しゃへい)体の厚さ,μはX線,γ線では線吸収係数,中性子では除去断面積など,Bは再生係数である。
→関連項目放射線防護

出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報

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