Emission

Japanese: 放射 - ほうしゃ(英語表記)emission
Emission

A general term for electromagnetic waves and particles emitted from objects. Electromagnetic waves are called radio waves, microwaves, submillimeter waves, far-infrared rays, near-infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays, etc., depending on their wavelength. Electromagnetic waves have the dual nature of being both wave-like and particle-like, but as the wavelength becomes shorter, the particle-like nature becomes increasingly pronounced. Radiation is a general term for electromagnetic waves with particularly short wavelengths (X-rays, gamma rays), and various particle rays (alpha rays, beta rays, neutron rays, etc.) that are generated by atomic nuclear decay.

Electromagnetic waves are emitted when a charged particle accelerates. For example, this includes the one-dimensional simple harmonic motion or uniform circular motion of a charged particle around a fixed point, or the deceleration, acceleration, or orbital change of a charged particle arriving at high speed. The intensity distribution of electromagnetic waves emitted by these accelerated motions can be calculated quite accurately by treating the surrounding electric and magnetic fields and their time changes using classical electromagnetism. These include radio waves, microwave dipole radiation, synchrotron radiation, Cherenkov radiation, and bremsstrahlung radiation. These types of radiation are directional, in that they are emitted strongly in a certain direction. For this reason, the term "radiation," which is used in cases where there is no directionality, such as thermal radiation, is not usually used.

Electromagnetic waves emitted from atoms and molecules cannot be explained by classical theory alone. The spectrum of these electromagnetic waves generally has a discrete structure rather than a continuous one. This reflects the discrete energy level structure of atoms and molecules, and this level structure can only be explained by quantum mechanics. In the history of science, quantum mechanics is considered to have been born from the explanation of this discrete spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation from atoms and molecules can be classified into spontaneous (natural) emission and stimulated emission, with the latter being applied in lasers.

[Koji Ishiguro and Takahiro Kuga, December 14, 2015]

[References] | Synchrotron radiation | Bremsstrahlung | Cherenkov radiation | Electromagnetic waves | Radiation | Radioactivity

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体から放出される電磁波や粒子の総称。電磁波の場合は波長により電波、マイクロ波、サブミリ波、遠赤外線、近赤外線、可視光線、紫外線、X線、γ(ガンマ)線などとよばれる。電磁波は波動性と粒子性という二面的な性質(二重性)をもつが、波長が短くなるにつれてしだいに粒子性が顕著になる。また放射線とは、とくに波長の短い電磁波(X線、γ線)、および原子核崩壊などにより発生するさまざまな粒子線(α(アルファ)線、β(ベータ)線、中性子線など)の総称である。

 電磁波は荷電粒子が加速運動する際に放出される。たとえば、固定点を中心とした荷電粒子の一次元的な単振動や等速円運動、高速度で飛来した荷電粒子の減速、加速、軌道変化などである。これらの加速運動により放出される電磁波の強度分布は、周囲の電界・磁界、およびそれらの時間変化を古典電磁気学で取り扱うことにより、かなり正確に計算できる。すなわち電波、マイクロ波の双極子(ダイポールdipole)放射、シンクロトロン放射、チェレンコフ放射、制動放射などである。これらの放射は、ある特定の方向に強く放出されるといった指向性がある。このため、熱輻射のように指向性のない場合に用いる輻射という用語は通常は使わない。

 原子や分子から放出される電磁波は、古典論だけでは説明できない。その電磁波のスペクトルは、一般に連続ではなく離散的な構造をもつ。これは、原子や分子の離散化されたエネルギー準位構造を反映したものであり、その準位構造は量子力学でなければ説明できない。科学史的にはこの離散スペクトルの説明から量子力学が誕生したと位置づけられている。原子や分子からの電磁波放出には自発(自然)放出と誘導放出があり、後者を応用したのがレーザーである。

[石黒浩三・久我隆弘 2015年12月14日]

[参照項目] | シンクロトロン放射 | 制動放射 | チェレンコフ放射 | 電磁波 | 輻射 | 放射能

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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