A general term for a computing device that uses electronic circuits. Also known as an electronic calculator. Today, it mainly refers to electronic digital automatic computers with stored programs. Following the US's ENIAC in 1946, von Neumann proposed the stored program method in 1947, and in 1949, Wilkes and others at Cambridge University in the UK created the EDSAC, a stored program computer with a mercury delay circuit memory. This became the prototype of today's computers. Generally, it is composed of an input/output device, a calculation device, a memory device, and a control device. The calculation circuit, which is the main part of the calculation device, can be said to be a collection of many electronic switch elements, in which all numbers are expressed in binary, and the open/closed state of the switch elements corresponds to 0 and 1. When an electrical pulse is sent to the circuit, the switch elements repeatedly open and close one after another, and the calculation proceeds. The numbers and data stored in the memory device are exchanged between the calculation device and the calculation device as necessary. The control device controls the overall system, including these and the input/output devices. The following are the characteristics of a computer: (1) High-speed calculation ability. The pulses that drive the calculation circuit are usually several tens of kHz to several tens of thousands of MHz. (2) A program that encodes the calculation procedure and instructions is stored in advance in the memory device, and it functions as a completely automatic calculator. (3) Calculation devices are widely used not only for numerical calculations but also for logical tasks (logical operations) that involve judgment. For example, comparison, selection, classification, collation, editing, etc. In theory, they can perform all of human logical thinking. (4) It has become easy to select the necessary parts from the stored program depending on the results of the calculation in progress and change the calculation process. In other words, it has become flexible to change the work content depending on the given problem and situation. This is the most significant advantage of the built-in program method. (5) Memory capacity has increased significantly. While memory devices have become larger in capacity, they have also become suitable for personal use, and their configurations have become more advanced with a combination of internal and external, high-speed and low-speed. (6) All information can be processed, not only numbers, but also data, characters, language, figures, voice, etc., as long as it is encoded as a binary number. The fields in which they are used include the following. 1. Scientific and technical calculations that primarily use its computing power, 2. Those that primarily use its logical processing power, such as data processing, 3. Cases where both calculation and logicality are important, such as the census, business calculations in insurance, companies, banks, etc., 4. Use of large-capacity memory and the ability to look up and extract what is needed, such as seat reservation systems, information retrieval, machine translation, 5. Use in simulations, 6. Use in computer control, 7. Use in the research and production of automata, etc. On the other hand, with the improvement of semiconductor technology, desktop personal computers have come to have the same performance as the large computers that were first developed, and various software programs are mass-produced and are widely used by individuals. → Office machines / mainframes / computer industry → Related topics Operating systems | Machine language | Computers | Computer graphics | Systems engineering | Natural language processing | CPU | Artificial intelligence | Supercomputers | Fifth generation computers | Touch panels | Digital computers | Statistical machines | von Neumann computers | Hardware | Fuzzy logic | Programming languages | Microcomputers | Memory Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
電子回路を利用する計算装置の総称。電子計算機とも。今日では主として電子式デジタル型自動計算機でプログラム内蔵方式のものをさす。1946年の米国のENIACに次いで1947年にフォン・ノイマンがプログラム内蔵方式を提案,1949年英国ケンブリッジ大学のウィルクスらによって水銀遅延回路記憶装置をもつプログラム内蔵方式のコンピューターEDSACが作られた。これが今日のコンピューターの原型となった。 一般に入出力装置,演算装置,記憶装置,制御装置から構成される。演算装置の主体をなす計算回路は,多数の電子的スイッチ素子の集合体といえるもので,この中で数値はすべて二進法で表現され,スイッチ素子の開閉の状態が0と1とに対応させられる。回路に電気的パルスが送り込まれるとスイッチ素子群は次々と開閉動作を繰り返し,演算が進行する。記憶装置に蓄積された数値やデータは必要に応じて演算装置との間でやりとりされる。これらと入出力装置を含めた全体的システムを進行させ制御するのが制御装置である。 コンピューターの特色としては次のような点がある。(1)高速度の計算能力。計算回路を駆動するパルスはふつう数十kHz〜数万MHzのものが用いられる。(2)計算の手順・命令を符号化した〈プログラム〉が記憶装置の中にあらかじめ与えられ,完全な自動計算機として働くこと。(3)演算装置は数の計算にだけでなく判断を伴う論理的作業(論理演算)に広く用いられる。たとえば比較,選択,分類,照合,編集など。理論的には人間の論理的思考のすべてを代行し得る。(4)計算途中の結果に応じて記憶されたプログラムの中から必要な部分を選択し,計算過程を変更することが容易になったこと。すなわち与えられた問題と状況に応じて作業内容を変えていくという柔軟性の獲得。プログラム内蔵方式によって生まれた最も著しい利点。(5)記憶能力が著しく大きくなったこと。記憶装置も大容量化の一方,パーソナルユーズにも適応,構成も内部・外部,高速・低速の組合せで高度化してきたこと。(6)数だけに限らず,データ,文字,言語,図形,音声など何であれ,それが二進法の数字として符号化される限りすべての情報が処理され得ること。 利用される分野には次のものがある。1.主としてその計算能力を利用する科学技術計算,2.主として論理的処理能力を利用するもの,たとえばデータ処理,3.計算と論理性の双方に重みがかかる場合,たとえば国勢調査や保険,会社,銀行などでのビジネス計算,4.大容量記憶能力と必要なものを調べたり抽出したりする能力の利用,たとえば座席予約システム,情報検索,機械翻訳,5.シミュレーションへの利用,6.計算機制御への利用,7.オートマトンの研究,製作への利用などがあげられる。一方,半導体技術の向上により卓上型のパーソナルコンピューターも開発当初の大型コンピューター並みの性能をもつようになり,各種ソフトウェアも大量に生産され個人使用も盛んになった。→事務機械/メインフレーム/コンピューター産業 →関連項目オペレーティングシステム|機械語|計算機|コンピューターグラフィックス|システム工学|自然言語処理|CPU|人工知能|スーパーコンピューター|第5世代コンピューター|タッチパネル|デジタル計算機|統計機械|ノイマン型計算機|ハードウェア|ファジー論理|プログラム言語|マイクロコンピューター|メモリー 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
>>: Corned beef - konbi-fu (English spelling) corned beef
This road suspension bridge straddles the entrance...
German military officer. He was known as one of t...
A tool for drawing water, it was originally made b...
…These are battles between different languages, b...
When someone else's property becomes yours by ...
One of the orbital elements of the moon or planet,...
…The Edo Cooking Collection (1674) divides Tsumi-...
The abbreviation for European Space Research Organ...
A town in Agatsuma County in northwest Gunma Prefe...
…The Atsabu River flows through the center of the...
...Because it was a key location for maritime tra...
…Its name comes from the reddish-brown mountain o...
…A Central European republic that existed from 19...
An arboreal squirrel with a shiny black back and t...
It is a type of amulet distributed at shrines and...