Bern - Bern (English spelling)

Japanese: ベルン - べるん(英語表記)Bern
Bern - Bern (English spelling)

Bern is the capital of the Swiss Confederation and the canton of Bern. It developed in the central-western part of the country along the Aare River, and is located almost halfway along the railway line between Zurich and Lausanne. It has a population of 122,469 (2001). It is a relatively new city in Switzerland, having been founded in the late 12th century as a military city against the West. Therefore, unlike other Swiss cities, it does not have a Roman wall. 86% of the population speaks German, 6% each French and Italian, 77% are Protestant, and 21% are Catholic. It is the capital of Switzerland because it is located where the German-speaking and French-speaking parts of the country meet, and it is also the seat of the federal government. The old town, located on the inner plateau where the Aare River meanders greatly, retains traces of the Middle Ages, and the streetscape was built to adapt to the topography, with roads running east to west. The Federal Parliament Building, Federal Government Building, City Hall, Cathedral (built 1421-1598), Natural History Museum, Alpine Museum, and theater are located here, forming the heart of the city. The old town was registered as a World Heritage Site in 1983 (World Cultural Heritage). The current city limits have expanded beyond this area, and the new town is connected to the old town by several bridges over the Aare River. It is a residential area, with factories located in some areas. Industries such as precision machinery, textiles, and chocolate are thriving. There is also a university (established in 1834) and the headquarters of the Universal Postal Union (established in 1874). The name Bern comes from the word "bear" (Bär), and the city's coat of arms features a bear.

The canton of Bern is located almost in the center of Switzerland, and with an area of ​​5,961 square kilometers, it is the second largest in the country after the canton of Graubünden. Its population of 947,100 (2001) is the second largest after the canton of Zurich. The southern mountainous region, centered around the Bernese Alps, is characterized by tourism, recreation, and agriculture, while the central hills and lowlands are industry and agriculture, and the northern Jura Mountains are characterized by the clock industry, which is scattered among agriculture and livestock.

[Ikuo Maejima]

history

In 1191, the last Duke of Zähringen, Berchthold V, founded the city under the castle of Nydegg at a bend in the Aare River, a tributary of the Rhine. After the death of the Duke in 1218, it became an imperial city under the control of the upper nobility, and rapidly developed towards the west. To counter the pressure of the surrounding princes, it allied with the three independent Swiss cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (the original three cantons), and with their support won the Battle of Laupen in 1339, and joined the Swiss Confederation in 1353, forming a permanent alliance. In the 15th century, it expanded its power, occupying the Habsburg territory of Aargau, and expanding its territory by fighting against the Duchy of Burgundy and the Duchy of Savoy. In 1528, it adopted Protestantism and became one of the leading cantons in Switzerland, along with Zurich. It was briefly occupied by French revolutionary forces in 1798, but was restored in 1813. Democratic reforms were carried out following the July Revolution of 1830, a new constitution was enacted in 1846, and it became the federal capital in 1848.

[Akio Nakai]

[References] | Aare River
Old Town of Bern
The townscape still retains the image of the Middle Ages. The tallest building is the Gothic-style Münster Cathedral (built 1421-1598), with a tower about 100m high. World Heritage Site "Old Town of Bern" (Switzerland, registered in 1983) Bern, Switzerland ©Shogakukan ">

Bern Old Town

Bern cityscape
Kram Street in the center of the old town. The Zitglockter clock tower (back left in the photo), the symbol of the city, was rebuilt in 1530. Many medieval fountains remain at intersections and squares in the city, including the Zähringen Fountain (center of the photo). Part of the World Heritage Site "Old Town of Bern" (Switzerland, registered in 1983) Bern, Switzerland ©Shogakukan ">

Bern cityscape

Aare River
A meandering section near the old town of Bern. Bern, Switzerland ©Shogakukan ">

Aare River


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スイス連邦の首都で、ベルン州の州都。同国中西部、アーレ川沿いに発達した都市で、チューリヒとローザンヌを結ぶ鉄道のほぼ中間にある。人口12万2469(2001)。スイスの都市としては比較的新しく、12世紀後半に西方に対する軍事都市として建設されたのに始まる。そのため、スイスの他の都市と異なり、ローマ人のつくった城壁がない。人口の86%はドイツ語、それぞれ6%はフランス語とイタリア語を話し、77%がプロテスタント、21%がカトリックである。スイスのドイツ語圏とフランス語圏が接する所にあることから首都となり、連邦政府が置かれている。アーレ川が大きく蛇行する内側の台地上にある旧市街は中世のおもかげを残し、町並みは地形に適応する形でつくられており、道路が東西に走る。ここには連邦議事堂、連邦政府庁舎、市役所、大寺院(1421~1598建築)、自然博物館、アルプス博物館、劇場などがあり、市の中枢部をなしている。旧市街は1983年に世界遺産の文化遺産として登録されている(世界文化遺産)。現在の市域はこの外側に拡張され、新市街はアーレ川に架かるいくつもの橋で旧市街と結ばれ、住宅地となっており、一部に工場が立地する。精密機械、繊維、チョコレートなどの工業が盛んである。また、総合大学(1834設立)、万国郵便連合本部(1874設立)などもある。ベルンの名はクマBärに由来し、市の紋章にはクマの図案が用いられている。

 ベルン州はスイスのほぼ中央にあり、面積5961平方キロメートルはグラウビュンデン州に次ぎ同国第2位の広さをもつ。人口94万7100(2001)はチューリヒ州に次ぎ第2位。南部の山岳地帯はベルン・アルプスを中心に観光・保養と農牧業、中部の丘陵・低地は工業と農業、北部のジュラ山脈は農牧業と分散して立地する時計工業に特色がある。

[前島郁雄]

歴史

1191年、最後のツェーリンゲン公ベルヒトルト5世によって、ライン川支流アーレ川の湾曲部にあるニーデック城下に市街が建設された。公の没後の1218年、上層貴族が支配権をもつ帝国都市となり、西に向けて急速に発展した。周辺の諸侯の圧力に対抗するため、ウリ、シュウィーツ、ウンターワルデンのスイス独立の同盟三州(原初三州)と同盟し、その支援で1339年ラウペンの戦いに勝ち、1353年スイス誓約同盟に加入、永久同盟を結んだ。15世紀に入ると権力を伸ばし、ハプスブルク家領のアールガウを占領、ブルグント公国、サボア公国と戦って領域を拡大した。1528年には新教を採用し、チューリヒと並んでスイスの指導的な州の一つとなった。1798年フランス革命軍に一時占領されたが、1813年復旧、1830年の七月革命を機に民主的改革がなされ、1846年新憲法を制定、1848年連邦の首都となった。

[中井晶夫]

[参照項目] | アーレ川
ベルン旧市街
いまなお中世のおもかげを残す町並み。ひときわ高い建物がゴシック様式のミュンスター大寺院(1421~1598建築)で、塔の高さは約100m。世界文化遺産「ベルン旧市街」(スイス・1983年登録) スイス ベルン©Shogakukan">

ベルン旧市街

ベルンの町並み
旧市街中心部のクラム通り。市の象徴である時計塔ツィットグロックターム(写真左奥)は1530年の再建。ツェーリンゲンの噴水(写真中央)をはじめ、市内の交差点や広場には中世の噴水が数多く残る。世界文化遺産「ベルン旧市街」の一部(スイス・1983年登録) スイス ベルン©Shogakukan">

ベルンの町並み

アーレ川
ベルン旧市街付近の蛇行部。スイス ベルン©Shogakukan">

アーレ川


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