Nubia (English spelling)

Japanese: ヌビア（英語表記）Nubia

An ancient place name in the northeast of the African continent. The area along the Nile River, between the Red Sea to the east and the Libyan Desert to the west, refers to the area between the first cataract south of Aswan (Egypt) in the north and Khartoum (present-day Sudan) in the south. The area north of Wadi Halfa is called Lower Nubia, and the area south of it is called Upper Nubia. Most of it is in present-day Sudan. In ancient Egypt it was called Kush, and the ancient Greeks called it Ethiopia. Humans have lived here since the Neolithic period (around 5000 BC). However, when Egypt prospered during the dynastic period, it was left behind, and it played an important role as a supplier of human and material resources and as a trade route with the south. In particular, gold, ivory, spices, ebony, and stone materials produced in this area were important goods. Therefore, the successive kings of ancient Egypt considered Nubia management to be an important policy, and the conquest of Nubia began especially during the 11th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, and all of Nubia was subjugated under royal authority during the New Kingdom. During the period of Egyptian rule, many temples and fortresses were built, and ancient Egyptian ruins such as the Abu Simbel Temple remain. The Kingdom of Kush flourished from around 800 BC, and the 25th Dynasty of Egypt (established around 730 BC) was founded by a Nubian king. In 590 BC, the capital Napata was invaded by the Egyptian army, and the capital was moved to Meroë, upstream, and the age of the Iron Age began. Although influenced by Egypt, Rome, Greece, and other cultures, they left behind unique art and crafts that made use of the creative sensibility of black people. Meroe literature was also established. The Nobatae dynasty, which was established after being destroyed by the Aksumite Kingdom of Meroe in the 4th century, became a Christian country around 540. In 652, the Nubian region came under the control of Egyptian Islamic forces, but the Little Christian Kingdom centered on Dongola continued to exist until it was conquered by the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt in the 14th century. Buildings from each of these periods remain as Nubian ruins. Currently, the inhabitants are a mix of Egyptians and black people, and the Nubian language is widely used. With the completion of the Aswan High Dam, Lower Nubia is now submerged under the Nile's artificial lake.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

アフリカ大陸北東部の古地名。東は紅海，西はリビア砂漠にはさまれたナイル川沿岸の地域のうち，北はアスワン南の第1急流 (エジプト) ，南はハルツーム (現スーダン) の間をさす。ワディ・ハルファより北を下ヌビア，以南を上ヌビアと呼ぶ。大部分は現スーダン領。古代エジプトではクシュと呼ばれ，古代ギリシア人はエチオピアと呼んでいた。新石器時代 (前 5000頃) から人類が居住した。しかしエジプトが王朝時代になり繁栄すると取残され，人的・物的資源の供給地として，また南方との交易路として重要な役割を果した。特にこの地で産する黄金，象牙，香料，黒檀，石材などは重要な物品であった。したがって古代エジプトの歴代の王たちはヌビア経営を重要な政策として考えたが，特に中王国時代の第 11王朝よりヌビアの征服が開始され，新王国時代は全ヌビアが王権のもとに制圧された。エジプトの支配時代に多くの神殿や城塞が建てられ，アブシンベル神殿などの古代エジプト遺跡が残る。前 800年頃からクシュ王国が栄え，エジプト第 25王朝 (前 730頃成立) は，ヌビアの王が建てた。前 590年に首都ナパタはエジプト軍に侵略され，上流のメロエに遷都して，鉄器文明の時代に入った。またエジプト，ローマ，ギリシアなどの影響を受けつつも黒人の造形感覚を生かした独自の美術工芸品を残した。メロエ文学も成立。4世紀にメロエのアクスム王国に滅ぼされ，成立したノバタエ王朝は 540年頃キリスト教国となった。 652年にヌビア一帯はエジプトのイスラム勢力の支配下に入ったが，ドンゴラを中心とした小キリスト王国は，14世紀にエジプトのマムルーク朝に征服されるまで存続。これら各時代の建造物はヌビア遺跡として残る。現在，住民はエジプト人と黒色人種の混血で，ヌビア語が広く用いられる。アスワン・ハイダムの完成で，現在下ヌビアはナイルの人造湖の湖底に沈んでしまった。

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