In order to not only convince yourself that something is true, but also to get other people to understand it, you need to explain it using logically correct rules of inference based on clear evidence. This is called logical proof, or argument for short. Methods of argumentation can be broadly divided into direct proof and indirect proof. Direct proof is a method in which you derive a conclusion by proceeding step by step from an initial given hypothesis. In contrast, indirect proof is a method of indirectly showing that a certain thing is true based on other things whose truth or falsity is clear. The most commonly used method of indirect proof in mathematics is the method of contradiction, but there are also other methods called the method of transformation and the method of identity. Indirect proof is generally difficult to understand as a method of proof. However, in mathematics, indirect proof is sometimes used when direct proof is impossible or when the proof would be too complicated. For example, this method is used to prove that there are an infinite number of prime numbers or that is not a rational number. [Rei Koto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ある事柄が正しいことを、自分が納得するだけでなく、他の人々にもわかってもらうためには、明確な根拠をもとに、論理的に正しい推論の規則を用いて説明する必要がある。これを論理的証明、縮めて論証とよんでいる。論証の方法は直接証明法と間接証明法とに大別することができる。直接証明法は、初めに与えられた仮定から順次に推論を進めて結論を導く方法である。これに対して間接証明法は、ある事柄が正しいことを、真偽が明確な他の事柄をもとに、間接的に示す方法である。数学でもっとも多く用いられる間接証明法は背理法(帰謬(きびゅう)法)であるが、ほかに転換法、同一法などとよばれる方法がある。 間接証明法は、証明方法としては一般にわかりにくい点がある。しかし、数学などでは、直接的証明が不可能な場合や、かえって証明が複雑になる場合などでは、間接証明法によることがある。たとえば、素数が無限個存在する、は有理数でない、ことなどを証明するとき、この方法を用いる。 [古藤 怜] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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