Born: May 28, 1884 in Kozlany, Austria-Hungary Died: September 3, 1948. Czechoslovakia. Sésimo Vousty. Czechoslovak (→ Czech Republic) politician. President (in office 1935-38, 1945-48) and Prime Minister (in office 1921-22). Born into a farming family. Studied at universities in Prague, Paris and Dijon, France, and obtained a doctorate in law in 1908. Became professor of economics at the Prague Commercial School in 1909, and professor at the Czech University in 1913. He advocated independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, so at the outbreak of World War I he fled to Switzerland with Tomáš Garrik Masaryk, and in 1916 founded the Czechoslovak National Assembly in Paris, of which he was its Secretary-General. After the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918 and the independence of the Czechoslovak Republic, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1918 to 1935, and as Prime Minister from 1921 to 1922. He succeeded Masaryk as president in 1935, but resigned in 1938, taking responsibility for succumbing to pressure from Nazi Germany and ceding the Sudetenland (→ Munich Conference), and went into exile in the United States. During World War II, he organized anti-Nazi resistance movements in France and Britain. In 1940, he became president of the Provisional Government. He placed importance on relations with the Soviet Union, and in 1943 concluded an alliance treaty in Moscow. In March 1945, he returned to Slovakia when the Soviet army occupied the country. He continued in the position of president, but in 1948, he refused to approve the new constitution of the pro-Soviet government headed by Klement Gottwald, and resigned from the presidency. (→ History of Czechoslovakia) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
[生]1884.5.28. オーストリア=ハンガリー帝国,コズラニ [没]1948.9.3. チェコスロバキア,セジモボウスティー チェコスロバキア(→チェコ)の政治家。大統領(在任 1935~38,1945~48),首相(在任 1921~22)。農家の生まれ。プラハ,フランスのパリやディジョンの各大学で学び,1908年に法学博士号を取得。1909年プラハ商業専門学校の経済学教授,1913年チェコ大学の教授に就任。オーストリア=ハンガリー帝国からの独立を主張したため,第1次世界大戦勃発に際しトマーシュ・ガリク・マサリクとともにスイスに亡命,1916年パリでチェコスロバキア民族議会を結成し,書記長に就任した。1918年オーストリア=ハンガリー帝国が崩壊,チェコスロバキア共和国独立後,1918~35年外務大臣を務め,1921~22年首相を兼任した。1935年マサリクの跡を継いで大統領に就任したが,1938年ナチス・ドイツの圧力に屈してズデーテン地域を割譲(→ミュンヘン会談)した責任をとり辞職,アメリカ合衆国に亡命した。第2次世界大戦中はフランスとイギリスでナチスに対する抵抗運動を組織。1940年臨時政府の大統領に就任。ソビエト連邦との関係を重視し,1943年モスクワで同盟条約を締結。1945年3月,ソ連軍のスロバキア進駐に伴って帰国。引き続き大統領の職にあったが,1948年クレメント・ゴットワルトを首班とする親ソ連政権の新憲法承認を拒否,大統領職を辞した。(→チェコスロバキア史) 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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